Update: Heikki’s slides are here!
Heikki Linnakangas gave a presentation this past Sunday at FOSDEM about the improved free space map (FSM), which tracks unused space inside the database, and new visibility map, a bitmap which will indicate which data pages can be skipped during a partial VACUUM. This performance enhancement will affect all users of the upcoming 8.4 software release. You can see what the new FSM implementation looked like back in October fromdepesz’s blog.
Despite Heikki’s modest claim during the talk that the performance tests were inconclusive, the consensus among Postgres contributors is that this feature will result a substantial improvement in the performance of VACUUM for tables that are large, but have few UPDATEs.
The new free space map and Visibility map (in 8.4) and autovacuum (enabled by default starting in version 8.2) are huge administrative usability improvements to version 8 of Postgres. Prior to version 8.1, VACUUM had to be scheduled outside of database system. Autovacuum has been part of the core Postgres distribution for over two years, and is tunable via several global configuration parameters.
The visibility map enables partial VACUUMs — meaning that VACUUM no longer has to examine every tuple to update the FSM. The new FSM implementation eliminates two configuration parameters, effectively automating a formerly manual configuration process.
The new FSM is stored on disk in seperate files inside of $PGDATA/base/, and is cached in shared_buffers. The result is that the max_fsm_* configuration parameters are no longer in 8.4 — Postgres is able to track and adjust this data structure without user intervention.
A few critical features of the new FSM are:
* Now a binary tree structure
* Constructed using 1 byte per heap page
* The top level shows the maximum amount of contiguous space available
* The data structure is auto-repairing and can be reconstructed from the bottom
Previously, every time that VACUUM was run, the free space map had to be reconstructed from scratch. Now, individual nodes in the map may be updated (aka “retail” updates).
Visibility map is a bitmap of heap pages which tracks which tuples on pages are visible to transactions, and therefore not available for VACUUMing.
Previously, when VACUUM ran, it *had* to look at every tuple in a table, because there was no information about which pages may not have been updated since the last VACUUM. With the visibility map, VACUUM will now be able to perform partial scans of table data, skipping pages which are marked as fully visible. Partial scans means fewer I/O operations for VACUUM, and happier database administrators.
注：老文章了，看到了学习一下。
1、以前在执行vacuum时，fsm都会重构，现在则会单独节点的更新（此处应指8.4版本）。
2、之前看到一些max_fsm_*的参数，原来在8.4之后就没有了。
3、有了vm文件，可以方便vacuum清理时不必扫描对其他事务都可见的页。因为vacuum只清理已删除的，但又没有访问的情况。该tuple经过update或delete后，但或仍有事务没有提交，仍可见旧版本，此时是无法清理的。可以参考pg的MVCC或HOT了解的更细一些。
4、根据篇头的文档，vacuum仍然需要扫描全表，是因为：
Whole-table scanning VACUUMs are still needed to avoid transaction ID wraparound。
参考：
http://www.chesnok.com/daily/2009/02/10/fsm-visibility-map-and-new-vacuum-awesomeness/
https://wiki.postgresql.org/images/8/81/FSM_and_Visibility_Map.pdf