1 日志规约
阿里巴巴开发手册日志规约章节有一条强制规定:应用中不可直接使用日志系统(Log4j、Logback)API,而应依赖使用日志框架SLF4J中的API。使用门面模式的日志框架,有利于维护和各个类的日志处理方式统一:
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Abc.class);
我们在使用日志框架过程中会发现,日志框架种类很多如slf4j、log4j、logback等等,在引入依赖时很容易混淆。那么这些框架是什么关系、应该如何使用就是本文需要回答的问题。
2 实例分析
在编写代码之前我们首先了解slf4j全称,我认为这会对理解这个框架有所帮助:
全称含义就是Java简单日志门面,我们知道有一种设计模式称为门面模式,其本质是化零为整,通过一个对象将散落在各处的功能整合在一起,这样外部只要通过与这个对象交互,由该对象选择具体实现细节。slf4j就是这样一个门面,应用程序只需要和slf4j进行交互,slf4j选择使用哪一个日志框架的具体实现。
2.1 slf4j-jdk14
(1) 引入依赖
<dependencies>
<!-- slf4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>
<!-- jdk14 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-jdk14</artifactId>
<version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>
</deendencies>
(2) 代码实例
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
public class LogTest {
private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LogTest.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
logger.info("info message");
System.out.println("LogTest");
logger.error("error message");
}
}
(3) 输出日志
2.2 slf4j-simple
(1) 引入依赖
<dependencies>
<!-- slf4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>
<!-- simple -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-simple</artifactId>
<version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency></dependencies>
(2) 代码实例
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
public class LogTest {
private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LogTest.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
logger.info("info message");
System.out.println("LogTest");
logger.error("error message");
}
(3) 输出日志
2.3 logback
(1) 引入依赖
<dependencies>
<!-- slf4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>
<!-- logback -->
<dependency>
<groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
<artifactId>logback-core</artifactId>
<version>1.2.3</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
<artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
<version>1.2.3</version>
</dependency>
</depedencies>
(2) 代码实例
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
public class LogTest {
private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LogTest.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
logger.info("info message");
System.out.println("LogTest");
logger.error("error message");
}
}
(3) 输出日志
2.4 slf4j-log4j12
(1) 引入依赖
<dependencies>
<!-- slf4j -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>
<!-- log4j12 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-log4j12</artifactId>
<version>1.7.30</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
(2) 代码实例
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
public class LogTest {
private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LogTest.class);
public static void main(String[] args) {
logger.info("info message");
System.out.println("LogTest");
logger.error("error message");
}
}
(3) 日志配置
<log4j:configuration xmlns:log4j='http://jakarta.apache.org/log4j/'>
<appender name="myConsoleAppender" class="org.apache.log4j.ConsoleAppender">
<layout class="org.apache.log4j.PatternLayout">
<param name="ConversionPattern" value="[%d{dd HH:mm:ss,SSS\} %-5p] [%t] %c{2\} - %m%n" />
</layout>
<!--过滤器设置输出级别 -->
<filter class="org.apache.log4j.varia.LevelRangeFilter">
<param name="levelMin" value="debug" />
<param name="levelMax" value="error" />
<param name="AcceptOnMatch" value="true" />
</filter>
</appender>
<root>
<priority value="debug" />
<appender-ref ref="myConsoleAppender" />
</root>
</log4j:configuration>
(4) 输出日志
3 源码分析
我们发现上述实例中Java代码并没有变化,只是将引用具体日志框架实现进行了替换,例如依赖从simple替换为log4j,具体日志服务实现就替换成了log4j,这到底是怎么实现的?我们通过阅读源码回答这个问题。
3.1 阅读准备
(1) 源码地址
目前最新版本2.0.0-alpha2-SNAPSHOT
(2) 项目结构
我们从项目结构可以看出一些信息:门面是api模块,具体实现包括jdk14、log4j12、simple模块,需要注意logback是同一个作者的另一个项目不在本项目。
(3) 阅读入口
package org.slf4j;
public class NoBindingTest {
public void testLogger() {
Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(NoBindingTest.class);
logger.debug("hello" + diff);
assertTrue(logger instanceof NOPLogger);
}
}
3.2 源码分析
LoggerFactory.getLogger
public final class LoggerFactory {
public static Logger getLogger(Class<?> clazz) {
Logger logger = getLogger(clazz.getName());
if (DETECT_LOGGER_NAME_MISMATCH) {
Class<?> autoComputedCallingClass = Util.getCallingClass();
if (autoComputedCallingClass != null && nonMatchingClasses(clazz, autoComputedCallingClass)) {
Util.report(String.format("Detected logger name mismatch. Given name: \"%s\"; computed name: \"%s\".", logger.getName(),
autoComputedCallingClass.getName()));
Util.report("See " + LOGGER_NAME_MISMATCH_URL + " for an explanation");
}
}
return logger;
}
}
getLogger(clazz.getName())
public final class LoggerFactory {
public static Logger getLogger(String name) {
ILoggerFactory iLoggerFactory = getILoggerFactory();
return iLoggerFactory.getLogger(name);
}
}
getILoggerFactory()
public final class LoggerFactory {
public static ILoggerFactory getILoggerFactory() {
return getProvider().getLoggerFactory();
}
}
getProvider()
public final class LoggerFactory {
static SLF4JServiceProvider getProvider() {
if (INITIALIZATION_STATE == UNINITIALIZED) {
synchronized (LoggerFactory.class) {
if (INITIALIZATION_STATE == UNINITIALIZED) {
INITIALIZATION_STATE = ONGOING_INITIALIZATION;
performInitialization();
}
}
}
switch (INITIALIZATION_STATE) {
case SUCCESSFUL_INITIALIZATION:
return PROVIDER;
case NOP_FALLBACK_INITIALIZATION:
return NOP_FALLBACK_FACTORY;
case FAILED_INITIALIZATION:
throw new IllegalStateException(UNSUCCESSFUL_INIT_MSG);
case ONGOING_INITIALIZATION:
return SUBST_PROVIDER;
}
throw new IllegalStateException("Unreachable code");
}
}
performInitialization()
public final class LoggerFactory {
private final static void performInitialization() {
bind();
if (INITIALIZATION_STATE == SUCCESSFUL_INITIALIZATION) {
versionSanityCheck();
}
}
}
bind()
public final class LoggerFactory {
private final static void bind() {
try {
// 核心代码
List<SLF4JServiceProvider> providersList = findServiceProviders();
reportMultipleBindingAmbiguity(providersList);
if (providersList != null && !providersList.isEmpty()) {
PROVIDER = providersList.get(0);
PROVIDER.initialize();
INITIALIZATION_STATE = SUCCESSFUL_INITIALIZATION;
reportActualBinding(providersList);
}
// 省略代码
} catch (Exception e) {
failedBinding(e);
throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected initialization failure", e);
}
}
}
findServiceProviders()
这是加载具体日志实现的核心方法,使用SPI机制加载所有SLF4JServiceProvider实现类:
public final class LoggerFactory {
private static List<SLF4JServiceProvider> findServiceProviders() {
ServiceLoader<SLF4JServiceProvider> serviceLoader = ServiceLoader.load(SLF4JServiceProvider.class);
List<SLF4JServiceProvider> providerList = new ArrayList<SLF4JServiceProvider>();
for (SLF4JServiceProvider provider : serviceLoader) {
providerList.add(provider);
}
return providerList;
}
}
SPI(Service Provider Interface)是一种服务发现机制,本质是将接口实现类的全限定名配置在文件中,并由服务加载器读取配置文件加载实现类,这样可以在运行时动态为接口替换实现类,通过SPI机制可以为程序提供拓展功能。本文以log4j为例说明使用SPI功能的三个步骤:
(a) 实现接口
public class Log4j12ServiceProvider implements SLF4JServiceProvider
(b) 配置文件
(c) 服务加载
public final class LoggerFactory {
private static List<SLF4JServiceProvider> findServiceProviders() {
ServiceLoader<SLF4JServiceProvider> serviceLoader = ServiceLoader.load(SLF4JServiceProvider.class);
List<SLF4JServiceProvider> providerList = new ArrayList<SLF4JServiceProvider>();
for (SLF4JServiceProvider provider : serviceLoader) {
providerList.add(provider);
}
return providerList;
}
}
只要各种日志实现框架按照SPI约定进行代码编写和配置文件声明,即可以被LoggerFactory加载,slf4j会获取第一个作为实现。
public final class LoggerFactory {
private final static void bind() {
try {
// 使用SPI机制加载具体日志实现
List<SLF4JServiceProvider> providersList = findServiceProviders();
reportMultipleBindingAmbiguity(providersList);
if (providersList != null && !providersList.isEmpty()) {
// 获取第一个实现
PROVIDER = providersList.get(0);
PROVIDER.initialize();
INITIALIZATION_STATE = SUCCESSFUL_INITIALIZATION;
reportActualBinding(providersList);
}
// 省略代码
} catch (Exception e) {
failedBinding(e);
throw new IllegalStateException("Unexpected initialization failure", e);
}
}
}
分析到这里我们的问题应该可以得到解答:假设我们项目只引入了slf4j和log4j,相当于只有log4j这一个具体实现,那么本项目就会使用log4j框架。如果将log4j依赖换为logback,那么项目在不改动代码的情况下会使用logback框架。
4 文章总结
本文我们从阿里开发手册日志规约出发,首先分析了如何使用不同的日志框架,然后我们从问题出发(不修改代码即可替换具体日志框架)进行slf4j源码阅读,从源码中我们知道实现核心是SPI机制,这个机制可以动态加载具体日志实现。关于SPI源码分析请参看笔者文章DUBBO系列(1)什么是SPI机制 ,希望本文对大家有所帮助。