January 31, 2016
Unit 1 名词和冠词
名词：n (noun) 作用：当主词、补语、受词
1、名词的种类 [单数和复数--I like dogs]
普通名词：book,pencil,dog,spaceship...etc
集合名词：class,family,audience...etc
Eg:
1.My family is large. #我的家庭
2.My family are all early risers. #我的家人
专有名词：Bob,Smith,April,London...etc
##下列专有名词需要加上定冠词the ##符号代表特殊情况
the United States, the United Nations
物质名词：glass,wood,paper,butter,fruit...etc #物质名词没有单复数形式
@@ 数字+容器（度量衡）+ of + 物质名词
Eg: a loaf of bread(loaves bread), a cup of coffee, a sheet of paper, s spoonful(handful) of sugar
抽象名词：beauty,honesty,love,patience,happiness,music...etc （不可数名词）
2、名词的数：个数1--单数 个数2以上--复数 （可以数的名词才能有单数和复数概念）
规则变化的复数名词
#名词字尾+S~大部分名词
Eg：dog[g-有声子音]-dogs[z-有声子音] / book-books[s-无声子音] / girl-girls[z]
#名词字尾为：s,sh,ch,x,o +es
Eg：class-classes[iz]/ bus-buses / dish-dishes / bench-benches / box[ks]-boxes[iz]
##注意>名词字尾为子音+o, 复数名词加es, 如tomatoes[z], 当有例外：photos, piano...etc
#名词字尾为子音+y => 去y+ies
Eg：baby[i]-babies[iz] / story-stories / city-cities / lady-ladies
#名词字尾为f或fe => 去f或fe[f-无声]+ves[v-有声]
Eg：leaf-leaves / wife-wives / knife-knives
##handherchiefs, chiefs, roofs
不规则变化的复数名词
#名词字尾为en,ren
Eg：OX-OXen (bull-NBA Chicago, cow) / chi[ai]ld-chi[i]ldren
#改变母音
Eg：man[æ]-men[ɛ-轻轻张开嘴唇] / woman-wo[i]men / goose-geese / tooth-teeth / mouse-mice
##单复数同形
Eg： fish (one/two fish --数量 | a kind of fish/two kinds of fishes --种类), deer, sheep, Chinese
3、名词的所有格（拥有/的）
形成：
#单数名词=》名词’s
Eg：the boy's schoolbag / Joan's dress
#复数名词=》名词s'
Eg：a girls' shool / these students' teacher
#字尾非s的复数名词=》名词's
Eg：children's playground, women's activities
##特别注意的所有格用法&&共同所有格及个别所有格
共同所有格==名词+名词+。。。+名词's
个别所有格==名词's+名词’s+。。。+名词's
Eg：A and B's father is a scientist.
A's and B's fathers are scientists. (Mr.[此处省略Brown] and Mrs.Brown's)
@@(无)生物所有格>>A的B == B of A
Eg：桌子的脚 == the legs of the table (此处的of在中文里面不用翻译，无意思)
--此处表现出英文重要的东西要放前面
车门 == the door of the(a) car / the doors of the(a) car
女孩的名字 == the girls' name == the name of the girl
##所有格之后的名词，如果在句中非常容易理解时，可省略
Eg：She's going to the dentist's.
I met him at the barber's.(shop--省略)
We like to eat lunch at Mcdonald's.(restaurant)
4、冠词 [+n / +adj+n]
冠词可分为不定(不限定)冠词a/an 及 定冠词the, 它通常放在名词前，用来修饰名词
##a/an的用法
1、a[ə] + 子音开头的单数名词
2、an[ən,æn] + 母音开头的单数名词(A,E,I,O,U)
Eg：a book, a girl, a young man(此处就近原则，非man)
an apple, an umbrella, an old woman
@@a/an 发音 a[ə]，an[ən]; 强调时a[e], an[æn]
Eg： I read a[ə] novel.
I read a[e] novel, not two.
@@the的用法=>母音前，读[ði]; 子音前，读[ðə]
Eg：the[ðə] book / the[ði] apple
1. Please shut the door.
2. The rich aren't always happy. #the+adj 泛指“....的人”，代表复数