前言
在上篇文章中提到了MySQL 5.6 Online DDL，如果是MySQL 5.5的版本在DDL方面是要付出代价的，虽然已经有了Fast index Creation，但是在添加字段还是会锁表的，而且在添加删除辅助索引是会加S锁，也就是无法进行写操作。所以，这里就有相关工具的出现，那就是pt-online-schema-change和oak-online-alter-table，都实现了Online DDL，但是每个工具都有相应自己的限制，下面让我慢慢道来。
一.oak-online-alter-table
openark工具包是一组用于MySQL的实用工具，该工具集解决日常维护任务，这些工作比较复杂和耗时。其中oak-online-alter-table就是该工具集中的一个工具，该工具执行非阻塞ALTER TABLE的操作。当然还有其他的工具，童鞋们自行查阅资料。
（1）安装openark工具包（安装依赖）
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# yum install python-mysqldb MySQL-python -y
（2）软件下载
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# wget https://openarkkit.googlecode.com/files/openark-kit-196-1.noarch.rpm
（3）安装
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# rpm -ivh openark-kit-196-1.noarch.rpm
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:openark-kit ########################################### [100%]
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
在使用oak-online-alter-table对表执行ALTER TABLE时存在如下限制：
在该表上面至少有一个单列的UNIQUE KEY
更改原始表为单个字段的唯一索引
该表没有定义触发器"AFTER"（oak会自己创建触发器）
该表没有FOREIGN KEY
表名长度不超过57个字符
改工具提供了以下三种基本功能
1.一个非阻塞ALTER TABLE操作:添加列或索引,删除列或索引,修改列,表字符集转换等,都是支持的,如下：
添加列(新列必须有一个默认值)
删除列(旧表必须有一个单列的唯一索引)
修改列(改变字段类型,包括唯一键的列)
添加索引(普通索引,唯一索引,全文索引。)
删除索引(旧表必须有一个单列的唯一索引)
修改表引擎:有效,但应格外注意当处理事务性引擎
添加外键约束
2.一个空的ALTER,重建一个表:释放磁盘空间和重新组织表，相当于优化表。
3.(可能会在未来版本不再支持):创建一个镜像表,与原始表同步,只要不发生如下操作:
对原始表ALTER TABLE
对原始表TRUNCATE
使用LOAD DATA INFILE向原始表导入数据
对原始表OPTIMIZE TABLE
工具原理：
该工具运行时，它允许INSERT，UPDATE，DELETE，REPLACE原始表。但是不允许TRUNCATE,ALTER,REPAIR OPTIMIZE或者其他方式对原表进行操作。
该工具适用于InnoDB表，MyISAM表，或以其他任何表级锁的存储引擎（(MEMORY,
ARCHIVE)）。该工具工作原理是创建一个镜像表的同时，它慢慢与原始表同步。直到同步完成，要做到这一点，该工具必须在原始表创建AFTER
INSERT, AFTER UPDATE, AFTER
DELETE触发器。镜像表与原始表同步发生在几个步骤。在这些步骤中，数据被从原始表复制到镜像表。这是以行块进行，这个大小是可以用chunk-size选项配置的。当一个块被复制，在（MyISAM，ARCHIVE,MEMORY）存储引擎上有读锁，或包含在该块上面的行记录（innodb），较小的块——更快的锁被移除,允许更大的并发性。对于写密集型应用，它可能是可取的，允许对块之间的停顿，以使尽可能减少影响。这可以使用sleep-ratio选项进行配置。而块之间停顿时没有被加锁。即便如此，对性能的影响是在运行应用程序时，这是由于触发器被添加到表上和DML语句在向镜像表同步。它需要有足够的磁盘空间来容纳改变的表（如一个正常的ALTER
TABLE）。在操作完成时才出现磁盘空间恢复（取决于你的存储引擎和配置）。
测试如下：
首先添加一个字段看看
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=sakila.film --alter="ADD COLUMN name VARCHAR(64) DEFAULT ''",
-- Connecting to MySQL
-- Table sakila.film is of engine innodb
-- ERROR: Errors found. Initiating cleanup
-- Tables unlocked
-- ERROR: Table must not have any 'AFTER' triggers defined.
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
很明显提示有触发器，也是上面提到的限制。
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=employees.titles --alter="ADD COLUMN name VARCHAR(64) DEFAULT ''",
-- Connecting to MySQL
-- Table employees.titles is of engine innodb
-- ERROR: Errors found. Initiating cleanup
-- Tables unlocked
-- ERROR: Table must not have any foreign keys defined (neither as parent nor child).
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
很明显提示有外键，也是上面提到的限制
(root@localhost 16:50:53)[dyy]> show create table t1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec) (root@localhost 16:51:00)[dyy]>
下面给t1表添加一个辅助索引看看
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=dyy.t1 --alter="ADD KEY(name)"
-- Connecting to MySQL
-- Table dyy.t1 is of engine innodb
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on dyy.t1, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in dyy.t1:
-- ERROR: Errors found. Initiating cleanup
-- Tables unlocked
-- ERROR: Table must have a UNIQUE KEY on a single column
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
提示没有唯一键，这也是上面提到的限制，添加一个唯一键然后我们再尝试添加索引
(root@localhost 16:53:37)[dyy]> alter table t1 add unique key (id);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 (root@localhost 16:53:41)[dyy]>
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=dyy.t1 --alter="ADD KEY(name)"
-- Connecting to MySQL
-- Table dyy.t1 is of engine innodb
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on dyy.t1, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in dyy.t1:
-- - id
-- Table dyy.__oak_t1 has been created
-- Table dyy.__oak_t1 has been altered
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on dyy.__oak_t1, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in dyy.__oak_t1:
-- - id
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on dyy.t1, by which to chunk
-- - Found following possible unique keys:
-- - id (int)
-- Chosen unique key is 'id'
-- Shared columns: id, name
-- Created AD trigger
-- Created AU trigger
-- Created AI trigger
-- Attempting to lock tables -- Tables locked WRITE
/usr/local/bin/oak-online-alter-table:84: Warning: No data - zero rows fetched, selected, or processed
num_affected_rows = cursor.execute(query)
-- id (min, max) values: ([None], [None])
-- Tables unlocked
-- Table dyy.t1 has been renamed to dyy.__arc_t1,
-- and table dyy.__oak_t1 has been renamed to dyy.t1
-- Table dyy.__arc_t1 was found and dropped
-- ALTER TABLE completed
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
可以看见添加成功，我们看看表结构，是否真的成功了。上面的输出有一个警告，不用理会，是因为我是空表，没有记录。
(root@localhost 16:56:50)[dyy]> show create table t1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`name` char(20) DEFAULT NULL,
UNIQUE KEY `id` (`id`),
KEY `name` (`name`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec) (root@localhost 16:57:10)[dyy]>
在添加字段时如果设置了NOT NULL，但没有给默认值，也会报警告，但是不人性化（起码不应该抛代码在什么行嘛，直接最后给一个Warning多好）
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=dyy.t1 --alter="ADD COLUMN salarey VARCHAR(64) not null"
-- Connecting to MySQL
-- Table dyy.t1 is of engine innodb
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on dyy.t1, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in dyy.t1:
-- - id
-- Table dyy.__oak_t1 has been created
-- Table dyy.__oak_t1 has been altered
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on dyy.__oak_t1, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in dyy.__oak_t1:
-- - id
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on dyy.t1, by which to chunk
-- - Found following possible unique keys:
-- - id (int)
-- Chosen unique key is 'id'
-- Shared columns: id, name, address
-- Created AD trigger
-- Created AU trigger
-- Created AI trigger
-- Attempting to lock tables -- Tables locked WRITE
-- id (min, max) values: ([1L], [1L])
-- Tables unlocked
-- - Reminder: altering dyy.t1: ADD COLUMN salarey VARCHAR(64)...
-- Copying range (1), (1), progress: 100%
/usr/local/bin/oak-online-alter-table:84: Warning: Field 'salarey' doesn't have a default value
num_affected_rows = cursor.execute(query)
-- Copying range 100% complete. Number of rows: 1
-- - Reminder: altering dyy.t1: ADD COLUMN salarey VARCHAR(64)...
-- Deleting range (1), (1), progress: 100%
-- Deleting range 100% complete. Number of rows: 0
-- Table dyy.t1 has been renamed to dyy.__arc_t1,
-- and table dyy.__oak_t1 has been renamed to dyy.t1
-- Table dyy.__arc_t1 was found and dropped
-- ALTER TABLE completed
查看表结构，还是添加成功了的。
(root@localhost 17:08:22)[(none)]> desc dyy.t1;
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | UNI | NULL | |
| name | char(20) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| address | varchar(64) | YES | | NULL | |
| salarey | varchar(64) | NO | | NULL | |
+---------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
好了，更多的测试同学们自行测试哈，下面测试一下各种操作是否会锁表，这也是我们最关心的问题。测试的表是使用sysbench生成的1000w数据，具体的命令请阅读前面的文章MySQL 5.6 Online DDL
(root@localhost 17:22:55)[sbtest]> select count(*) from sbtest;
+----------+
| count(*) |
+----------+
| 10000000 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) (root@localhost 17:22:57)[sbtest]> show create table sbtest\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: sbtest
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `sbtest` (
`id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`k` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`c` char(120) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
`pad` char(60) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `k` (`k`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=10000001 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec) (root@localhost 17:23:13)[sbtest]>
（1）首先添加一个字段看看session1执行alter table操作，session 2执行DML操作
session 1
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=sbtest.sbtest --alter="ADD COLUMN address VARCHAR(64)"
-- Connecting to MySQL
-- Table sbtest.sbtest is of engine innodb
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on sbtest.sbtest, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in sbtest.sbtest:
-- - id
-- Table sbtest.__oak_sbtest has been created
-- Table sbtest.__oak_sbtest has been altered
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on sbtest.__oak_sbtest, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in sbtest.__oak_sbtest:
-- - id
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on sbtest.sbtest, by which to chunk
-- - Found following possible unique keys:
-- - id (int)
-- Chosen unique key is 'id'
-- Shared columns: c, pad, k, id
-- Created AD trigger
-- Created AU trigger
-- Created AI trigger
-- Attempting to lock tables -- Tables locked WRITE
-- id (min, max) values: ([1L], [10000000L])
-- Tables unlocked
-- - Reminder: altering sbtest.sbtest: ADD COLUMN address VARCHAR(64)...
-- Copying range (1), (1000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (1000), (2000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (2000), (3000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (3000), (4000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (4000), (5000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (5000), (6000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (6000), (7000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (7000), (8000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (8000), (9000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (9000), (10000), progress: 0%
session 2
(root@localhost 17:25:52)[sbtest]> select * from sbtest where id=100;
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | k | c | pad |
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| 100 | 0 | | qqqqqqqqqqwwwwwwwwwweeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrtttttttttt |
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) (root@localhost 17:26:03)[sbtest]> delete from sbtest where id=100;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.17 sec) (root@localhost 17:26:24)[sbtest]> insert into sbtest select 100,0,null,'cccc';
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.07 sec)
Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 1 (root@localhost 17:26:54)[sbtest]> update sbtest set k=101 where id=1111;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.48 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 (root@localhost 17:27:40)[sbtest]> show processlist;
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------+------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------+------------------+
| 53 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 1 | NULL | show processlist |
| 54 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 0 | NULL | commit |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.08 sec) (root@localhost 17:27:45)[sbtest]>
可以发现session 1的添加字段的操作并不影响session 2的操作。
（2）添加一个辅助索引看看神马情况
session 1
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=sbtest.sbtest --alter="ADD KEY(pad)"
-- Connecting to MySQL
-- Table sbtest.sbtest is of engine innodb
-- Dropped custom trigger sbtest_AD_oak
-- Dropped custom trigger sbtest_AU_oak
-- Dropped custom trigger sbtest_AI_oak
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on sbtest.sbtest, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in sbtest.sbtest:
-- - id
-- Table sbtest.__oak_sbtest was found and dropped
-- Table sbtest.__oak_sbtest has been created
-- Table sbtest.__oak_sbtest has been altered
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on sbtest.__oak_sbtest, by which to chunk
-- Possible UNIQUE KEY column names in sbtest.__oak_sbtest:
-- - id
-- Checking for UNIQUE columns on sbtest.sbtest, by which to chunk
-- - Found following possible unique keys:
-- - id (int)
-- Chosen unique key is 'id'
-- Shared columns: c, pad, k, id
-- Created AD trigger
-- Created AU trigger
-- Created AI trigger
-- Attempting to lock tables -- Tables locked WRITE
-- id (min, max) values: ([1L], [10000000L])
-- Tables unlocked
-- - Reminder: altering sbtest.sbtest: ADD KEY(pad)...
-- Copying range (1), (1000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (1000), (2000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (2000), (3000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (3000), (4000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (4000), (5000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (5000), (6000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (6000), (7000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (7000), (8000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (8000), (9000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (9000), (10000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (10000), (11000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (11000), (12000), progress: 0%
-- Copying range (12000), (13000), progress: 0%
session 2
(root@localhost 17:32:23)[sbtest]> delete from sbtest where id=103;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.09 sec) (root@localhost 17:32:32)[sbtest]> update sbtest set k=101 where id=103;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 0 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0 (root@localhost 17:32:39)[sbtest]> select * from sbtest where id=2000;
+------+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | k | c | pad |
+------+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 | 0 | | qqqqqqqqqqwwwwwwwwwweeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrtttttttttt |
+------+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.03 sec) (root@localhost 17:32:50)[sbtest]> show processlist;
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------+------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------+------------------+
| 53 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist |
| 55 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 0 | NULL | commit |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+-------+------------------+
2 rows in set (0.03 sec) (root@localhost 17:32:58)[sbtest]>
依然读写不受影响。所以总体来说还是很好使用，只是有上面提到的那些限制需要注意一下。
我在说mysql 5.6 Online DDL的时候测试过如果在执行alter table之前已经有一个慢查询或者结果集比较大的查询，那么此时执行ALTER TABLE是会导致锁表的，那么我们测试一下oak-online-alter-table是否会一样。
session 1（sbtest表有1000w记录）
(root@localhost 17:41:07)[sbtest]> select * from sbtest;
session 2
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# oak-online-alter-table -S /tmp/mysqld.sock -u root -p 123456 --table=sbtest.sbtest --alter="ADD KEY(pad)"
session 3
(root@localhost 17:37:54)[(none)]> show processlist;
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| 53 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 9 | Sending data | select * from sbtest |
| 56 | root | localhost | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist |
| 57 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 5 | Waiting for table metadata lock | DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS sbtest.sbtest_AD_oak |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
3 rows in set (0.05 sec) (root@localhost 17:38:10)[(none)]>
可以看见该工具的删除触发器操作在等待锁。好了，这里的情况和我在说MySQL 5.6 Online DDL的情况一样，大家自行查阅资料。好了，oak-online-alter-table就说这么多了。
二.pt-online-schema-change
改工具是percona-toolkit工具包中其中的一个工具，简单说和oak-online-alter-table有着一样的功能。都是实现在线架构改变的工具。其他的我就不多说了。重点说工作原理，注意事项。
（1）安装依赖包
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# yum install perl-IO-Socket-SSL perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Time-HiRes -y
（2）下载软件
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# wget http://www.percona.com/downloads/percona-toolkit/LATEST/RPM/percona-toolkit-2.2.8-1.noarch.rpm
（3）安装软件
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# rpm -ivh percona-toolkit-2.2.8-1.noarch.rpm
warning: percona-toolkit-2.2.8-1.noarch.rpm: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID cd2efd2a: NOKEY
Preparing... ########################################### [100%]
1:percona-toolkit ########################################### [100%]
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
大概工作原理：
（1）如果存在外键，根据alter-foreign-keys-method参数的值，检测外键相关的表，针对相应的设置进行处理。
（2）创建一个新的表，表结构为修改后的数据表，用于从源数据表向新表中导入数据。
（3）创建触发器，在复制数据开始之后，将对源数据表继续进行数据修改的操作记录下来，以便在数据复制结束后执行这些操作，保证数据不会丢失。
（4）复制数据，从源数据表中复制数据到新表中。
（5）修改外键相关的子表，根据修改后的数据，修改外键关联的子表。
（6）更改源数据表为old表，把新表改为源表名，并将old表删除。
（7）删除触发器。
存在如下限制：
（1）对操作的表必须要有主键或者唯一键
（2）增加的字段如果为NOT NULL，会报错，需要添加默认值才可以成功。
实际测试：
用法
pt-online-schema-change [OPTIONS] DSN
测试表结构如下
root@localhost : dyy 23:38:47> show create table t1\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Table: t1
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t1` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@localhost : dyy 23:39:01>
给表t1添加一个字段
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# pt-online-schema-change --alter="add column name char(20)" --user=root D=dyy,t=t1 --execute # A software update is available:
# * The current version for Percona::Toolkit is 2.2.8. Operation, tries, wait:
copy_rows, 10, 0.25
create_triggers, 10, 1
drop_triggers, 10, 1
swap_tables, 10, 1
update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
Altering `dyy`.`t1`...
Creating new table...
Created new table dyy._t1_new OK.
Altering new table...
Altered `dyy`.`_t1_new` OK.
2014-06-09T23:41:04 Dropping new table...
2014-06-09T23:41:04 Dropped new table OK.
`dyy`.`t1` was not altered.
The new table `dyy`.`_t1_new` does not have a PRIMARY KEY or a unique index which is required for the DELETE trigger.
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
可以发现提示表没有主键或者唯一键，所以添加失败。添加主键以后再进行测试。
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# pt-online-schema-change --alter="add column name char(20)" --user=root D=dyy,t=t1 --execute
Operation, tries, wait:
copy_rows, 10, 0.25
create_triggers, 10, 1
drop_triggers, 10, 1
swap_tables, 10, 1
update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
Altering `dyy`.`t1`...
Creating new table...
Created new table dyy._t1_new OK.
Altering new table...
Altered `dyy`.`_t1_new` OK.
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Creating triggers...
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Created triggers OK.
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Copying approximately 1 rows...
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Copied rows OK.
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Swapping tables...
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Swapped original and new tables OK.
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Dropping old table...
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Dropped old table `dyy`.`_t1_old` OK.
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Dropping triggers...
2014-06-09T23:45:51 Dropped triggers OK.
Successfully altered `dyy`.`t1`.
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
可以看见已经成功咯，下面给表添加一个字段，但是设置NOT NULL，但是不给默认值，看看神马情况
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# pt-online-schema-change --alter="add column last_name char(20) not null" --user=root D=dyy,t=t1 --execute
Operation, tries, wait:
copy_rows, 10, 0.25
create_triggers, 10, 1
drop_triggers, 10, 1
swap_tables, 10, 1
update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
Altering `dyy`.`t1`...
Creating new table...
Created new table dyy._t1_new OK.
Altering new table...
Altered `dyy`.`_t1_new` OK.
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Creating triggers...
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Created triggers OK.
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Copying approximately 1 rows...
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Dropping triggers...
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Dropped triggers OK.
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Dropping new table...
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Dropped new table OK.
`dyy`.`t1` was not altered.
2014-06-09T23:50:48 Error copying rows from `dyy`.`t1` to `dyy`.`_t1_new`: 2014-06-09T23:50:48 Copying rows caused a MySQL error 1364:
Level: Warning
Code: 1364
Message: Field 'last_name' doesn't have a default value
Query: INSERT LOW_PRIORITY IGNORE INTO `dyy`.`_t1_new` (`id`, `age`, `name`) SELECT `id`, `age`, `name` FROM `dyy`.`t1` LOCK IN SHARE MODE /*pt-online-schema-change 3479 copy table*/ [root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
可以看见我没有给默认值，添加字段失败，下面给一个默认值，再瞧瞧
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# pt-online-schema-change --alter="add column last_name char(20) not null default 'yayun'" --user=root D=dyy,t=t1 --execute
Operation, tries, wait:
copy_rows, 10, 0.25
create_triggers, 10, 1
drop_triggers, 10, 1
swap_tables, 10, 1
update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
Altering `dyy`.`t1`...
Creating new table...
Created new table dyy._t1_new OK.
Altering new table...
Altered `dyy`.`_t1_new` OK.
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Creating triggers...
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Created triggers OK.
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Copying approximately 1 rows...
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Copied rows OK.
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Swapping tables...
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Swapped original and new tables OK.
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Dropping old table...
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Dropped old table `dyy`.`_t1_old` OK.
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Dropping triggers...
2014-06-09T23:52:40 Dropped triggers OK.
Successfully altered `dyy`.`t1`.
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]#
可以看见已经成功了。现在需要做的是对大表做一下测试，比如添加索引，添加字段是否会导致锁表。这里用的测试表还是前面文章提到的sysbench生成的1000w数据
session 1
[root@yayun-mysql-server ~]# pt-online-schema-change --alter="add column name char(20) not null default 'yayun'" --user=root D=sbtest,t=sbtest --execute
Operation, tries, wait:
copy_rows, 10, 0.25
create_triggers, 10, 1
drop_triggers, 10, 1
swap_tables, 10, 1
update_foreign_keys, 10, 1
Altering `sbtest`.`sbtest`...
Creating new table...
Created new table sbtest._sbtest_new OK.
Altering new table...
Altered `sbtest`.`_sbtest_new` OK.
2014-06-09T23:55:58 Creating triggers...
2014-06-09T23:55:58 Created triggers OK.
2014-06-09T23:55:58 Copying approximately 480065 rows...
Copying `sbtest`.`sbtest`: 36% 00:52 remain
Copying `sbtest`.`sbtest`: 66% 00:29 remain
session 2
root@localhost : sbtest 23:55:40> select * from sbtest where id=100;
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | k | c | pad |
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| 100 | 0 | | qqqqqqqqqqwwwwwwwwwweeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrtttttttttt |
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@localhost : sbtest 23:55:44> select * from sbtest where id=100;
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | k | c | pad |
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| 100 | 0 | | qqqqqqqqqqwwwwwwwwwweeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrtttttttttt |
+-----+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@localhost : sbtest 23:56:03> select * from sbtest where id=1000;
+------+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| id | k | c | pad |
+------+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
| 1000 | 0 | | qqqqqqqqqqwwwwwwwwwweeeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrrrtttttttttt |
+------+---+---+----------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec) root@localhost : sbtest 23:56:09> delete from sbtest where id=1000;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.77 sec) root@localhost : sbtest 23:56:25> update sbtest set k=100 where id=100;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.50 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0 root@localhost : sbtest 23:57:02>
发现DML操作依然是没问题的。而且没有oak-online-alter-table那么多限制，最后测试一下在执行alter table之前有一个大的查询，看是否导致锁等待，这个在MySQL 5.6以及oak-online-alter-table都有这个问题。
测试后发现依然存在锁的问题
root@localhost : (none) 00:39:09> show full processlist;
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 38 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 325 | Sending data | select * from sbtest |
| 39 | root | localhost | NULL | Query | 1 | NULL | show full processlist |
| 40 | root | localhost | sbtest | Query | 36 | Waiting for table metadata lock | CREATE TRIGGER `pt_osc_sbtest_sbtest_del` AFTER DELETE ON `sbtest`.`sbtest` FOR EACH ROW DELETE IGNORE FROM `sbtest`.`__sbtest_new` WHERE `sbtest`.`__sbtest_new`.`id` <=> OLD.`id` |
| 41 | root | localhost | sbtest | Sleep | 310 | | NULL |
+----+------+-----------+--------+---------+------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (1.28 sec) root@localhost : (none) 00:42:33>
总结：
pt-online-schema-change比oak-online-alter-table工具更好用，并且存在的限制较少，oak-online-alter-table对有外键的表是没有办法的。对于已经执行了大的查询，这时恰好执行ALTER TABLE操作，都会导致锁表。所以一般选择避开业务高峰期执行。所以还是要在业务量较低且没有大查询时执行Online DDL。
参考资料：
http://openarkkit.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/openarkkit/doc/html/oak-online-alter-table.html（自备梯子）
http://www.percona.com/doc/percona-toolkit/2.1/pt-online-schema-change.html
转自：
pt-online-schema-change VS oak-online-alter-table - yayun - 博客园 https://www.cnblogs.com/gomysql/p/3777607.html