在python中操作execl进行数据读写的时候,可以使用xlrd进行文件的读取,使用xlwt将数据写入execl中。

1.xlrd

xlwt用来读取execl中的数据,常见的用法如下。

xlrd、xlwt操作execl表格-LMLPHP

(1)打开execl文件并获取所有的sheet

>>> import xlrd
>>> workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(r'D:\Program Files\Notepad++\Student.xlsx')
>>> print workbook.sheet_names()
[u'Sheet1', u'Sheet2', u'Sheet3']

(2)根据下标获取sheet名称

>>> sheet2_name=workbook.sheet_names()[1]
>>> print sheet2_name
Sheet2

(3)根据sheet索引或者名称获取sheet内容,同时获取sheet名称、行数、列数

>>> sheet2 = workbook.sheet_by_index(1)
>>> print sheet2.name,sheet2.nrows,sheet2.ncols
Sheet2 6 5
>>> sheet2 = workbook.sheet_by_name('Sheet2')
>>> print sheet2.name,sheet2.nrows,sheet2.ncols
Sheet2 6 5

(4)根据sheet名称获取整行和整列的值

>>> sheet2 = workbook.sheet_by_name('Sheet2')
>>> rows = sheet2.row_values(3)
>>> cols = sheet2.col_values(2)
>>> print rows
[u'lisi2', 19.0, 41462.0, u'basketball', u'friend2'] #标红部分为日期2013/7/7,实际却显示为浮点数。后面有描述如何纠正
>>> print cols
[u'\u51fa\u751f\u65e5\u671f', 42129.0, 41796.0, 41462.0, 40941.0, u''] # 问题同上

(5)获取指定单元格的内容

>>> print sheet2.cell(1,0).value.encode('utf-8')
xiaoming2
>>> print sheet2.cell_value(1,0).encode('utf-8')
xiaoming2
>>> print sheet2.row(1)[0].value.encode('utf-8')
xiaoming2

(6)获取单元格内容的数据类型

>>> print sheet2.cell(1,0).ctype #第2行第1列:xiaoming2 为string类型
1
>>> print sheet2.cell(1,1).ctype #第2行第2列:12 为number类型
2
>>> print sheet2.cell(1,2).ctype #第2行第3列:2015/5/5 为date类型
3

(7)获取单元格内容为日期类型的方式

使用xlrd的xldate_as_tuple处理为date格式,先判断表格的ctype=3时xlrd才能执行操作,如下:

>>> from datetime import datetime,date
>>> sheet2.cell(1,2).ctype
3
>>> sheet2.cell(1,2).value
42129.0
>>> xlrd.xldate_as_tuple(sheet2.cell_value(1,2),workbook.datemode)
(2015, 5, 5, 0, 0, 0)
>>> date_value = xlrd.xldate_as_tuple(sheet2.cell_value(1,2),workbook.datemode)
>>> date(*date_value[:3])
datetime.date(2015, 5, 5)
>>> date(*date_value[:3]).strftime('%Y/%m/%d')
'2015/05/05'

那么如果是在脚本中需要获取并显示单元格内容为日期类型的,可以先做一个判断。判断ctype是否等于3,如果等于3,则用时间格式处理:

if (sheet.cell(row,col).ctype == 3):
date_value = xlrd.xldate_as_tuple(sheet.cell_value(row,col),book.datemode)
date_tmp = date(*date_value[:3]).strftime('%Y/%m/%d')

(8)获取合并单元格的内容

>>> sheet2.cell(1,4).value #第4列的第2行和第3行是合并单元格
u'friend'
>>> sheet2.cell(2,4).value
u''
>>> sheet2.cell(5,1).value #第6行的第2和第3第4列是合并单元格,这里我们只获取到第6行第2列的值而第3列第4列获取的内容为空,如何处理?
u'None'
>>> sheet2.cell(5,2).value
u''
>>> sheet2.cell(5,3).value
u''

从实验结果可以看出来,第6行的第2和第3第4列是合并单元格,但这里我们只获取到第6行第2列的值而第3列第4列获取的内容为空,理论上来说合并的

单元格内容应该是一样的,但是现在只有合并的第一个单元格可以获取到值,其他为空,如何处理? 再用一种更直观的方式显示

>>> sheet2.row_values(5)
[u'zhaoliu2', u'None', u'', u'', u''] #标红的部分为合并单元格
>>> sheet2.col_values(4)
[u'\u5173\u7cfb', u'friend', u'', u'friend2', u'', u''] #标红的部分为合并单元格,注意这里是两个合并单元格

可以利用merged_cells方法进行处理,处理的方法是只能获取合并单元格的第一个cell的行列索引,才能读到值,读错了就是空值。即合并行单元格读取

行的第一个索引,合并列单元格读取列的第一个索引。这里,需要在读取文件的时候添加个参数,将formatting_info参数设置为True,默认是False,否

则可能调用merged_cells方法获取到的是空值。

>>> workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(r'D:\Program Files\Notepad++\Student.xlsx',formatting_info=True)

>>> sheet2 = workbook.sheet_by_name('sheet2')

>>> sheet2.merged_cells
[(1, 3, 4, 5), (3, 5, 4, 5), (5, 6, 1, 5)]

merged_cells返回的这四个参数的含义是:(row,row_range,col,col_range),其中[row,row_range)包括row,不包括row_range,col也是一样,下标从0开

始。即(1, 3, 4, 5)的含义是:第2到3行(不包括第4行)合并,(5, 6, 1, 5)的含义是:第2到5列合并。利用这个,可以分别获取合并的三个单元格的内容:

>>> print sheet2.cell_value(1,4) #(1, 3, 4, 5)
friend
>>> print sheet2.cell_value(3,4) #(3, 5, 4, 5)
friend2
>>> print sheet2.cell_value(5,1) #(5, 6, 1, 5)
None

2.xlwt

xlwt用来往execl中写入数据,功能还是比较丰富的。

先来看一个比较简单的例子。

import xlwt
# 创建一个workbook 设置编码
workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'utf-8')
# 创建一个worksheet
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet') # 写入excel
# 参数对应 行, 列, 值
worksheet.write(1,0, label = 'this is test') # 保存
workbook.save('Excel_test.xls')

运行之后,就会在当前目录之下生成一个叫做“Excel_test.xls”的文件。

当然你还可以做一些样式上面的更改。

(1)设置字体的样式

import xlwt

workbook = xlwt.Workbook(encoding = 'ascii')
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Worksheet') style = xlwt.XFStyle() # 初始化样式
font = xlwt.Font() # 为样式创建字体
font.name = 'Times New Roman'
font.bold = True # 黑体
font.underline = True # 下划线
font.italic = True # 斜体字
style.font = font # 设定样式
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Unformatted value') # 不带样式的写入 worksheet.write(1, 0, 'Formatted value', style) # 带样式的写入 workbook.save('formatting.xls') # 保存文件

(2)设置单元格宽度

import xlwt

workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0,'My Cell Contents') # 设置单元格宽度
worksheet.col(0).width = 3333
workbook.save('cell_width.xls')

(3)输出一个日期到单元格

import xlwt
import datetime
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
style = xlwt.XFStyle() #设置日期的格式
style.num_format_str = 'M/D/YY' # Other options: D-MMM-YY, D-MMM, MMM-YY, h:mm, h:mm:ss, h:mm, h:mm:ss, M/D/YY h:mm, mm:ss, [h]:mm:ss, mm:ss.0
worksheet.write(0, 0, datetime.datetime.now(), style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

(4)向单元格添加一个公式

import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, 5) # Outputs 5
worksheet.write(0, 1, 2) # Outputs 2
worksheet.write(1, 0, xlwt.Formula('A1*B1')) # Should output "10" (A1[5] * A2[2])
worksheet.write(1, 1, xlwt.Formula('SUM(A1,B1)')) # Should output "7" (A1[5] + A2[2])
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

(5)向单元格添加一个超链接

import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write(0, 0, xlwt.Formula('HYPERLINK("http://www.google.com";"Google")')) # Outputs the text "Google" linking to http://www.google.com
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

(6)合并列和行

import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
worksheet.write_merge(0, 0, 0, 3, 'First Merge') # Merges row 0's columns 0 through 3. 合并第一行的0到3列
font = xlwt.Font() # Create Font #创建一个样式
font.bold = True # Set font to Bold
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.font = font # Add Bold Font to Style
worksheet.write_merge(1, 2, 0, 3, 'Second Merge', style) # 合并1到2行的0列到3列
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

(7)设置单元格内容的对齐方式

import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
alignment = xlwt.Alignment() # Create Alignment
alignment.horz = xlwt.Alignment.HORZ_CENTER # May be: HORZ_GENERAL, HORZ_LEFT, HORZ_CENTER, HORZ_RIGHT, HORZ_FILLED, HORZ_JUSTIFIED, HORZ_CENTER_ACROSS_SEL, HORZ_DISTRIBUTED
alignment.vert = xlwt.Alignment.VERT_CENTER # May be: VERT_TOP, VERT_CENTER, VERT_BOTTOM, VERT_JUSTIFIED, VERT_DISTRIBUTED
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.alignment = alignment # Add Alignment to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

(8)为单元格添加边框

import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
borders = xlwt.Borders() # Create Borders
borders.left = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
DASHED虚线
NO_LINE没有
THIN实线 # May be: NO_LINE, THIN, MEDIUM, DASHED, DOTTED, THICK, DOUBLE, HAIR, MEDIUM_DASHED, THIN_DASH_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, THIN_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, MEDIUM_DASH_DOT_DOTTED, SLANTED_MEDIUM_DASH_DOTTED, or 0x00 through 0x0D.
borders.right = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.top = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.bottom = xlwt.Borders.DASHED
borders.left_colour = 0x40
borders.right_colour = 0x40
borders.top_colour = 0x40
borders.bottom_colour = 0x40
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create Style
style.borders = borders # Add Borders to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')

(9)为单元格设置背景色

import xlwt
workbook = xlwt.Workbook()
worksheet = workbook.add_sheet('My Sheet')
pattern = xlwt.Pattern() # Create the Pattern
pattern.pattern = xlwt.Pattern.SOLID_PATTERN # May be: NO_PATTERN, SOLID_PATTERN, or 0x00 through 0x12
pattern.pattern_fore_colour = 5 # May be: 8 through 63. 0 = Black, 1 = White, 2 = Red, 3 = Green, 4 = Blue, 5 = Yellow, 6 = Magenta, 7 = Cyan, 16 = Maroon, 17 = Dark Green, 18 = Dark Blue, 19 = Dark Yellow , almost brown), 20 = Dark Magenta, 21 = Teal, 22 = Light Gray, 23 = Dark Gray, the list goes on...
style = xlwt.XFStyle() # Create the Pattern
style.pattern = pattern # Add Pattern to Style
worksheet.write(0, 0, 'Cell Contents', style)
workbook.save('Excel_Workbook.xls')
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