音标 Phonetic Symbols
1.1元音
1.1、元音:元音有20个,其中单元音12个,双元音8个。
(1)“短”单元音
[i] | [ə] | [ɔ] | [u] | [ʌ] | [e] | [æ] |
衣 | 额 | 哦 | 乌 | 阿 | 哎 | 哎 |
(2)“长”单元音
[i:] | [ə:] | [ɔ:] | [u:] | [a:] |
衣 | 额 | 哦 | 乌 | 啊 |
(3)双元音
[ei] | [ai] | [ɔi] | [əu] | [au] | [iə] | [eə]/[ɛə] | [uə] |
诶ei | 唉ai | 哦-喂 | 呕 | 傲 | 衣-饿 | 哎-饿 | 乌-饿 |
1.2.辅音
1.2、辅音“辅音”28个
清 | [p] | [t] | [k] | [f] | [θ] | [S] | [ts] | [tr] | [ʃ] | [tʃ] | [h] |
普 | 特 | 克 | 福 | 齿 | 丝 | 次 | 缺 | 西 | 七 | 喝 | |
浊 | [b] | [d] | [g] | [v] | [z] | [ð] | [ʒ] | [dʒ] | [dr] | [dz] | |
不 | 得 | 各 | 呜 | 衣 | 姬 | 撅 | 自 | ||||
浊 | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | [l] | [r] | [w] | [j] | ||||
双唇鼻 | 齿龈鼻 | 软腭鼻 | 蕊 | 我 | 呀 |
1.3.发音规则Rules of Pronunciation(元音)
(1)元音字母在重读音节中
元音字母 | 读音 | 例词 | 音标 | |
a | 在开音节中 | [ei] 诶 | cake | [keik] |
在闭音节中 | [æ]哎 | hat | [hæt] | |
在[w]音后 | [ɔ] 哦 | wash | [wa:nt] | |
f,n,sk,ph,sp,ss,st,th前 | [a:]啊 | grasp | [græsp] | |
e | 在开音节中 | [i:]衣 | Chinese | [ˌtʃaɪˈni:z] |
在闭音节中 | [e] 哎 | desk | [desk] | |
i | 在开音节中 | [ai] 唉 | drive | [draiv] |
在闭音节中 | [i]衣 | milk | [milk] | |
在nd,ld,gh前 | [ai] 唉 | light | [lait] | |
o | 在开音节中 | [əu]呕 | hope | [həʊp] |
在闭音节中 | [ɔ]哦 | clock | [kla:k] | |
在st,ld前 | [əu]呕 | postcard | [ˈpəʊstkɑ:d] | |
在m,n,v,th前 | [ʌ] 阿 | monkey | [ˈmʌŋki] | |
u | 在开音节中 | 组合[ju:] | student | [ˈstju:dnt] |
在辅音字母j,l,r,s后 | [u:]乌 | June | [dʒu:n] | |
在闭音节中 | [ʌ] 阿 | jump | [dʒʌmp] |
(2)元音字母组合在重读音节中的读音
元音字母 | 读音 | 例词 | 音标 |
ai,ay | [ei] 诶 | afraid | [əˈfreid] |
air | [eə]/[ɛə] 哎-饿 | pair | [peə(r)] |
al在l,t,w,k,f,m前 | [ɔ] 哦 | small | [smɔ:l] |
[ɔ:l] | salt | [sɔ:lt] | |
[a:]啊 | calm | [kɑ:m] | |
au,aw | [ɔ:] 哦 | autumn | [ˈɔ:təm] |
ea | [i:]衣 | cheap | [tʃi:p] |
[e] 哎 | heavy | [ˈhevi] | |
[ei] 诶 | break | [breɪk] | |
ear | [iə] 衣-饿 | hear | [hiə(r)] |
[eə]/[ɛə] 哎-饿 | pear | [peə(r)] | |
[ə:]额 | learn | [lɜ:n] | |
ee | [i:]衣 | jeep | [dʒi:p] |
eer | [iə] 衣-饿 | deer | [dɪə(r)] |
ei,ey | [ei] 诶 | neighbor | ['neɪbə] |
[i:]衣 | either | [ˈaɪðə(r)] | |
ew在n,f后 | 组合[ju:] | few | [fju:] |
ew在l,r,j后 | [u:] 乌 | jewelry | ['dʒu:əlrɪ] |
ie,ei在辅音后 | [i:]衣 | field | [fi:ld] |
oa | [əu]呕 | goal | [gəʊl] |
oar,oor | [ɔ:] 哦 | floor | [flɔ:(r)] |
oi,oy | [ɔi] 哦-喂 | noise | [nɔɪz] |
oo | [u:] 乌 | broom | [bru:m] |
[u] 乌 | cook | [kʊk] | |
ou,ow | [au] 傲 | count | [kaʊnt] |
[əu]呕 | throw | [θrəʊ] | |
[ʌ] 阿 | young | [jʌŋ] | |
[u:] 乌 | soup | [su:p] | |
our | [ɔ:] 哦 | course | [kɔ:s] |
[au] 傲 | hour | [ˈaʊə(r)] | |
[ə:]额 | Journey | [ˈdʒɜ:ni] | |
ui在j,l,r,s后 | 组合[ju:i] | suicide | [ˈsu:ɪsaɪd] |
[u:]乌 | Juice | [dʒu:s] |
(3)元音字母在非重读音节中的读音。
元音字母 | 读音 | 例词 | 音标 |
a | [ə] 额 | coat | [kəʊt] |
[i]衣 | orange | [ˈɒrɪndʒ] | |
e | [ə] 额 | open | [ˈəʊpən] |
[i]衣 | begin | [bɪˈgɪn] | |
i | [ə] /[i] | animal | [ˈænɪml] |
[ai] 唉 | exercise | [ˈeksəsaɪz] | |
o | [ə] 额 | somebody | [ˈsʌmbədi] |
[əu]呕 | photo | [ˈfəʊtəʊ] | |
u | [ə] 额 | autumn | [ˈɔ:təm] |
组合[ju:] | congratulation | [kənˌgrætʃuˈleɪʃn] |
注:1)动词中的a如果处在开音节位置,读[ei]音。例如:operate。
2)如果u处在开音节位置,又在辅音字母j,l,r,s后面时,读[u(:)]音。
例如:July,infuence,February,issue。
3)在非重读音节中,许多单词中的元音字母a,e,i既可以读[ə]音,也可以读作[i]音。
(4)元音字母组合在非重读音节中的读音。
元音字母 | 读音 | 例词 | 音标 |
ai/ay,ei/ey | [i]衣 | monkey | [ˈmʌŋki] |
ow | [əu]呕 | yellow | [ˈjeləʊ] |
sion,tion | [ʃən]西 | nation | [ˈneɪʃn] |
sion在元音字母后 | [ʒə]衣 | occasion | [əˈkeɪʒn] |
tion在s后 | [tʃən] | question | [ˈkwestʃən] |
sten | [sn] 丝 | listen | [ˈlɪsn] |
stle | [sl] | whistle | [ˈwɪsl] |
sure | [ʒə]衣 | measure | [ˈmeʒə(r)] |
ture | [tʃə] | culture | [ˈkʌltʃə(r)] |
关于元音字母组合在复合词非重读音节中的发音,应当注意:
1)复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号,但其中的元音字母或元音字母组合,仍按重读音节拼读规则来拼读。例如:everyday[ei],handbag[æ],blackboard[ɔ:]。
2)有些词随着语言的发展,前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义,融合成一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。
发音规则Rules of Pronunciation(辅音)
(5)辅音字母发音
辅音字母 | 读音 | 例词 | 音标 |
b | [b]不 | bed | [bed] |
[/]不发音 | tomb | [tu:m] | |
c在e,I,y,o等前 | [k] 克 | cake | [keɪk] |
[s] 丝 | cinema | [ˈsɪnəmə] | |
ch | [tʃ] 七 | chick | [tʃɪk] |
[k] 克 | headache | [ˈhedeɪk] | |
[ʃ] 西 | machine | [məˈʃi:n] | |
ck | [k] 克 | knock | [nɒk] |
d | [d] 得 | bread | [bred] |
dge | [dʒ]姬 | fridge | [frɪdʒ] |
dr | [dr]撅 | drink | [drɪŋk] |
f | [f] 福 | five | [faɪv] |
g在e,a,y等前 | [g] 各 | garden | [ˈgɑ:dn] |
[dʒ]姬 | orange | [ˈɒrɪndʒ] | |
gh | [f] 福 | cough | [kɒf] |
[/]不发音 | high | [haɪ] | |
gu,gue在非重读音节中 | [g] 各 | league | [li:g] |
[gw] | anguish | [ˈæŋgwɪʃ] | |
h | [h] 喝 | hand | [hænd] |
[/]不发音 | honest | [ˈɒnɪst] | |
j | [dʒ]姬 | jar | [dʒɑ:(r)] |
k | [k] 克 | bike | [baɪk] |
kn | [n] | knife | [naɪf] |
l | [l] | life | [laɪf] |
m | [m] | autumn | [ˈɔ:təm] |
mn | [m] | column | [ˈkɒləm] |
n | [n] | shine | [ʃaɪn] |
[ŋ] 软腭鼻 | uncle | [ˈʌŋkl] | |
ng | [ŋ] 软腭鼻 | young | [jʌŋ] |
p | [p] 普 | plane | [pleɪn] |
ph | [f] 福 | elephant | [ˈelɪfənt] |
q | [k] 克 | liquid | [ˈlɪkwɪd] |
qu | [kw] | quality | [ˈkwɒləti] |
r | [r] | rubber | [ˈrʌbə(r)] |
s | [s] | sleep | [sli:p] |
[z] | music | [ˈmju:zɪk] | |
sc | [sk] | scarlet | [ˈskɑ:lət] |
[s] | muscle | [ˈmʌsl] | |
sh | [ʃ] 西 | shirt | [ʃɜ:t] |
t在通常情况下t在弱读字母ia,ie,io前 | [t] | meet | [mi:t] |
[ʃ] 西 | patient | [ˈpeɪʃnt] | |
tch | [tʃ] 七 | watch | [wɒtʃ] |
th | [θ] 齿 | method | [ˈmeθəd] |
[ð] | than | [ðən] | |
[ð] | weather | [ˈweðə(r)] | |
tr | [tr] 缺 | truck | [trʌk] |
v | [v] 呜 | leave | [li:v] |
w | [w] 我 | sweet | [swi:t] |
[/]不发音 | answer | [ˈɑ:nsə(r)] | |
wh wh在字母o前 | [w] 我 | white | [waɪt] |
[h] 喝 | whole | [həʊl] | |
X在重读元音后 | [ks] | exercise | [ˈeksəsaɪz] |
[gz] | exact | [ɪgˈzækt] | |
wr | [r] 蕊 | write | [raɪt] |
y | [j]呀 | yellow | [ˈjeləʊ] |
z | [z] | puzzle | [ˈpʌzl] |