写在前面

由于IIC总线只需要两根线就可以完成读写操作,而且通信协议简单,一条总线上可以挂载多个设备,因此被广泛使用。但是IIC总线有一个缺点,就是传输速率比较低。本文基于Linux-2.6.36版本,说说IIC子系统在Linux中的实现。

借用某书上的IIC子系统的体系结构图:

Linux设备驱动剖析之IIC(一)-LMLPHP

Linux IIC子系统体系结构

下面开始分析IIC子系统。

IIC子系统的初始化在drivers/i2c/i2c-core.c文件中的i2c_init函数中:

 static int __init i2c_init(void)
{
int retval; retval = bus_register(&i2c_bus_type);
if (retval)
return retval;
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT
i2c_adapter_compat_class = class_compat_register("i2c-adapter");
if (!i2c_adapter_compat_class) {
retval = -ENOMEM;
goto bus_err;
}
#endif
retval = i2c_add_driver(&dummy_driver);
if (retval)
goto class_err;
return ; class_err:
#ifdef CONFIG_I2C_COMPAT
class_compat_unregister(i2c_adapter_compat_class);
bus_err:
#endif
bus_unregister(&i2c_bus_type);
return retval;
}

1225行,向系统注册IIC总线,其中i2c_bus_type的定义为:

 struct bus_type i2c_bus_type = {
.name = "i2c",
.match = i2c_device_match,
.probe = i2c_device_probe,
.remove = i2c_device_remove,
.shutdown = i2c_device_shutdown,
.pm = &i2c_device_pm_ops,
};

345行,i2c_device_match函数时用来匹配IIC总线上的设备和设备驱动的,下面看下它的定义:

 static int i2c_device_match(struct device *dev, struct device_driver *drv)
{
struct i2c_client *client = i2c_verify_client(dev);
struct i2c_driver *driver; if (!client)
return ; /* Attempt an OF style match */
if (of_driver_match_device(dev, drv))
return ; driver = to_i2c_driver(drv);
/* match on an id table if there is one */
if (driver->id_table)
return i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client) != NULL; return ;
}

在IIC子系统中,用struct i2c_client来描述一个具体的IIC设备(IIC从机)。73行,如果没有IIC设备的话就直接返回0,表示匹配不成功。

77行,用of的方式进行匹配,应该是设备树方面的,具体没了解过。

82行,如果驱动的id table存在则调用83行的i2c_match_id函数进行匹配:

 static const struct i2c_device_id *i2c_match_id(const struct i2c_device_id *id,
const struct i2c_client *client)
{
while (id->name[]) {
if (strcmp(client->name, id->name) == )
return id;
id++;
}
return NULL;
}

很简单,就是拿驱动的id table中的每一项与i2c_client的name成员进行比较,如果它们的名字相同就表示匹配成功,否则匹配失败,返回NULL。从这里也可以看出IIC的总线匹配方式与platform总线的匹配方式是不一样,一般情况下,IIC总线的匹配方式是根据设备名字和驱动中的id table,而platfrom总线的匹配方式是根据设备名字和驱动名字。下面看i2c_device_probe函数:

 static int i2c_device_probe(struct device *dev)
{
struct i2c_client *client = i2c_verify_client(dev);
struct i2c_driver *driver;
int status; if (!client)
return ; driver = to_i2c_driver(dev->driver);
if (!driver->probe || !driver->id_table)
return -ENODEV;
client->driver = driver;
if (!device_can_wakeup(&client->dev))
device_init_wakeup(&client->dev,
client->flags & I2C_CLIENT_WAKE);
dev_dbg(dev, "probe\n"); status = driver->probe(client, i2c_match_id(driver->id_table, client));
if (status) {
client->driver = NULL;
i2c_set_clientdata(client, NULL);
}
return status;
}

112行,检查IIC设备是否存在。

119至121行,电源管理方面的,IIC在电源管理方面做得还是不错的,有兴趣可以看一下。

124行,重要,调用IIC设备驱动中probe函数。

下面以tiny6410为具体平台去说IIC子系统的其他内容。S3c6410的IIC控制器驱动位于drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-s3c2410.c文件中,首先看初始化函数:

 static struct platform_driver s3c24xx_i2c_driver = {
.probe = s3c24xx_i2c_probe,
.remove = s3c24xx_i2c_remove,
.id_table = s3c24xx_driver_ids,
.driver = {
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
.name = "s3c-i2c",
.pm = S3C24XX_DEV_PM_OPS,
},
}; static int __init i2c_adap_s3c_init(void)
{
return platform_driver_register(&s3c24xx_i2c_driver);
}
subsys_initcall(i2c_adap_s3c_init);

1022行,注册平台驱动,看下s3c24xx_i2c_driver的定义可以发现.driver.name的值与板文件中定义的platform device的name不一样,所以这里采用的是id table方式进行匹配。我们知道,当此驱动与设备匹配后,驱动中的probe函数将会被调用,那么下面看probe函数的定义:

 static int s3c24xx_i2c_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
{
struct s3c24xx_i2c *i2c;
struct s3c2410_platform_i2c *pdata;
struct resource *res;
int ret; pdata = pdev->dev.platform_data;
if (!pdata) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "no platform data\n");
return -EINVAL;
} i2c = kzalloc(sizeof(struct s3c24xx_i2c), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!i2c) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "no memory for state\n");
return -ENOMEM;
} strlcpy(i2c->adap.name, "s3c2410-i2c", sizeof(i2c->adap.name));
i2c->adap.owner = THIS_MODULE;
i2c->adap.algo = &s3c24xx_i2c_algorithm;
i2c->adap.retries = ;
i2c->adap.class = I2C_CLASS_HWMON | I2C_CLASS_SPD;
i2c->tx_setup = ; spin_lock_init(&i2c->lock);
init_waitqueue_head(&i2c->wait); /* find the clock and enable it */ i2c->dev = &pdev->dev;
i2c->clk = clk_get(&pdev->dev, "i2c");
if (IS_ERR(i2c->clk)) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot get clock\n");
ret = -ENOENT;
goto err_noclk;
} dev_dbg(&pdev->dev, "clock source %p\n", i2c->clk); clk_enable(i2c->clk); /* map the registers */ res = platform_get_resource(pdev, IORESOURCE_MEM, );
if (res == NULL) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot find IO resource\n");
ret = -ENOENT;
goto err_clk;
} i2c->ioarea = request_mem_region(res->start, resource_size(res),
pdev->name); if (i2c->ioarea == NULL) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot request IO\n");
ret = -ENXIO;
goto err_clk;
} i2c->regs = ioremap(res->start, resource_size(res)); if (i2c->regs == NULL) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot map IO\n");
ret = -ENXIO;
goto err_ioarea;
} dev_dbg(&pdev->dev, "registers %p (%p, %p)\n",
i2c->regs, i2c->ioarea, res); /* setup info block for the i2c core */ i2c->adap.algo_data = i2c;
i2c->adap.dev.parent = &pdev->dev; /* initialise the i2c controller */ ret = s3c24xx_i2c_init(i2c);
if (ret != )
goto err_iomap; /* find the IRQ for this unit (note, this relies on the init call to
00000874 * ensure no current IRQs pending
00000875 */ i2c->irq = ret = platform_get_irq(pdev, );
if (ret <= ) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot find IRQ\n");
goto err_iomap;
} ret = request_irq(i2c->irq, s3c24xx_i2c_irq, IRQF_DISABLED,
dev_name(&pdev->dev), i2c); if (ret != ) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "cannot claim IRQ %d\n", i2c->irq);
goto err_iomap;
} ret = s3c24xx_i2c_register_cpufreq(i2c);
if (ret < ) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to register cpufreq notifier\n");
goto err_irq;
} /* Note, previous versions of the driver used i2c_add_adapter()
00000898 * to add the bus at any number. We now pass the bus number via
00000899 * the platform data, so if unset it will now default to always
00000900 * being bus 0.
00000901 */ i2c->adap.nr = pdata->bus_num; ret = i2c_add_numbered_adapter(&i2c->adap);
if (ret < ) {
dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to add bus to i2c core\n");
goto err_cpufreq;
} platform_set_drvdata(pdev, i2c); dev_info(&pdev->dev, "%s: S3C I2C adapter\n", dev_name(&i2c->adap.dev));
return ; err_cpufreq:
s3c24xx_i2c_deregister_cpufreq(i2c); err_irq:
free_irq(i2c->irq, i2c); err_iomap:
iounmap(i2c->regs); err_ioarea:
release_resource(i2c->ioarea);
kfree(i2c->ioarea); err_clk:
clk_disable(i2c->clk);
clk_put(i2c->clk); err_noclk:
kfree(i2c);
return ret;
}

797至801行,没有平台数据是不行的。

803至807行,为具体平台的IIC控制器数据结构申请内存,一般来说,不仅是IIC控制器,每一个控制器都会有一个结构体来描述。struct s3c24xx_i2c的定义也是在drivers/i2c/busses/i2c-s3c2410.c中:

 struct s3c24xx_i2c {
spinlock_t lock;
wait_queue_head_t wait;
unsigned int suspended:; struct i2c_msg *msg;
unsigned int msg_num;
unsigned int msg_idx;
unsigned int msg_ptr; unsigned int tx_setup;
unsigned int irq; enum s3c24xx_i2c_state state;
unsigned long clkrate; void __iomem *regs;
struct clk *clk;
struct device *dev;
struct resource *ioarea;
struct i2c_adapter adap; #ifdef CONFIG_CPU_FREQ
struct notifier_block freq_transition;
#endif
};

63行,表示IIC控制器是否已经挂起,挂起的话就不能操作IIC控制器了。

65行,struct i2c_msg用来描述一次读写操作包含的信息。定义在include/linux/i2c.h,比较简单:

 struct i2c_msg {
__u16 addr; /* slave address */
__u16 flags;
#define I2C_M_TEN 0x0010 /* this is a ten bit chip address */
#define I2C_M_RD 0x0001 /* read data, from slave to master */
#define I2C_M_NOSTART 0x4000 /* if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING */
#define I2C_M_REV_DIR_ADDR 0x2000 /* if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING */
#define I2C_M_IGNORE_NAK 0x1000 /* if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING */
#define I2C_M_NO_RD_ACK 0x0800 /* if I2C_FUNC_PROTOCOL_MANGLING */
#define I2C_M_RECV_LEN 0x0400 /* length will be first received byte */
__u16 len; /* msg length */
__u8 *buf; /* pointer to msg data */
};

508行,IIC从机的地址。

509行,flags的取值就是510至516行这些值。

517行,这次读写操作的数据长度。518行,读写数据的地址。

回到struct s3c24xx_i2c,66行,message的数量。67行,当前是第几个message。68行,缓冲区数组成员的索引值,表示当前要读写的是第几个数据。

70行,当数据写入IIC控制器的数据移位寄存器后需要延时多久,在s3c6410里的单位是ns。

71行,IIC控制器使用的中断号。

73行,IIC控制器的状态,具体来说有以下几种状态:

 enum s3c24xx_i2c_state {
STATE_IDLE,
STATE_START,
STATE_READ,
STATE_WRITE,
STATE_STOP
};

74行,IIC总线的速率。76行,IIC控制器寄存器起始地址。

77行,IIC控制器时钟。78行,设备模型相关的。79行,IO口资源。

80行,每一个IIC控制器对应一个adapter。struct i2c_adapter同样是在include/linux/i2c.h中定义:

 struct i2c_adapter {
struct module *owner;
unsigned int id;
unsigned int class; /* classes to allow probing for */
const struct i2c_algorithm *algo; /* the algorithm to access the bus */
void *algo_data; /* data fields that are valid for all devices */
struct rt_mutex bus_lock; int timeout; /* in jiffies */
int retries;
struct device dev; /* the adapter device */ int nr;
char name[];
struct completion dev_released; struct mutex userspace_clients_lock;
struct list_head userspace_clients;
};

355行,模块的所有者。

356行,此适配器的编号,第1个适配器的编号为0,以此类推。

358行,算法?第一眼看到的时候差点被吓倒了,其实就是定义了3个函数指针,这些函数来完成具体的读写操作。

364行,超时时间。365行,重试次数,一次读写操作不成功的话就多试几次。368行,适配器编号。369行,适配器的名字。

回到s3c24xx_i2c_probe函数,809行,设置适配器的名字。

811行,s3c6410的IIC控制器进行读写操作时所使用的逻辑,等碰到时再详细说吧。

813行,刚才在说struct i2c_adapter时被忽略的成员class就是在这里被赋值的。

814行,对于s3c6410的IIC控制器而言,数据被写入移位寄存器后需要延时50ns。

822至831行,获取IIC时钟并使能。

835至857行,获取IO口资源并进行映射。

869行,设置相应的IO口为IIC功能,并设置IICADD寄存器和IICCON寄存器。

877至889行,申请IIC中断,中断处理函数为s3c24xx_i2c_irq,后面会遇到,到时再说。

891至895行,CPU频率相关的,略过吧。

905行,“重头戏”啊,注册IIC适配器和注册IIC设备等都发生在里面,i2c_add_numbered_adapter函数在drivers/i2c/i2c-core.c里定义:

 int i2c_add_numbered_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adap)
{
int id;
int status; if (adap->nr & ~MAX_ID_MASK)
return -EINVAL; retry:
if (idr_pre_get(&i2c_adapter_idr, GFP_KERNEL) == )
return -ENOMEM; mutex_lock(&core_lock);
/* "above" here means "above or equal to", sigh;
00000962 * we need the "equal to" result to force the result
00000963 */
status = idr_get_new_above(&i2c_adapter_idr, adap, adap->nr, &id);
if (status == && id != adap->nr) {
status = -EBUSY;
idr_remove(&i2c_adapter_idr, id);
}
mutex_unlock(&core_lock);
if (status == -EAGAIN)
goto retry; if (status == )
status = i2c_register_adapter(adap);
return status;
}
05-11 21:57