Vue中发送ajax请求——axios使用详解

 

axios

基于 Promise 的 HTTP 请求客户端，可同时在浏览器和 node.js 中使用

功能特性

• 在浏览器中发送 XMLHttpRequests 请求
• 在 node.js 中发送 http请求
• 支持 Promise API
• 拦截请求和响应
• 转换请求和响应数据
• 自动转换 JSON 数据
• 客户端支持保护安全免受 XSRF 攻击

浏览器支持

安装

使用 bower:

$ bower install axios

使用 npm:

$ npm install axios

例子

发送一个 GET 请求

// Make a request for a user with a given ID 
axios.get('/user?ID=12345')
    .then(function (response) {
        console.log(response);
    })
    .catch(function (response) {
        console.log(response);
    });
// Optionally the request above could also be done as 
axios.get('/user', {params: {ID: 12345}})
    .then(function (response) {
        console.log(response);
    })
    .catch(function (response) {
        console.log(response);
    });

发送一个 POST 请求

axios.post('/user', {firstName: 'Fred', lastName: 'Flintstone'})
    .then(function (response) {
        console.log(response);
    })
    .catch(function (response) {
        console.log(response);
    });

发送多个并发请求

function getUserAccount() {
    return axios.get('/user/12345');
}

function getUserPermissions() {
    return axios.get('/user/12345/permissions');
}

axios.all([getUserAccount(), getUserPermissions()])
    .then(axios.spread(function (acct, perms) {
        // Both requests are now complete
    }));

axios API

可以通过给 axios传递对应的参数来定制请求：

axios(config)

// Send a POST request
axios(
    {
        method: 'post',
        url: '/user/12345',
        data: {
            firstName: 'Fred',
            lastName: 'Flintstone'
        }
    });

axios(url[, config])

// Sned a GET request (default method) 
axios('/user/12345');

请求方法别名

为方便起见，我们为所有支持的请求方法都提供了别名

axios.get(url[, config])

axios.delete(url[, config])

axios.head(url[, config])

axios.post(url[, data[, config]])

axios.put(url[, data[, config]])

axios.patch(url[, data[, config]])

注意

当使用别名方法时， url、 method 和 data 属性不需要在 config 参数里面指定。

并发

处理并发请求的帮助方法

axios.all(iterable)

axios.spread(callback)

创建一个实例

你可以用自定义配置创建一个新的 axios 实例。

axios.create([config])

var instance = axios.create({
    baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
    timeout: 1000,
    headers: {'X-Custom-Header': 'foobar'}
});

实例方法

所有可用的实例方法都列在下面了，指定的配置将会和该实例的配置合并。

axios#request(config)

axios#get(url[, config])

axios#delete(url[, config])

axios#head(url[, config])

axios#post(url[, data[, config]])

axios#put(url[, data[, config]])

axios#patch(url[, data[, config]])

请求配置

下面是可用的请求配置项，只有 url 是必需的。如果没有指定 method ，默认的请求方法是 GET。

{
    // `url` is the server URL that will be used for the request 
    url:'/user',
    // `method` is the request method to be used when making the request 
    method: 'get', // default 
    // `baseURL` will be prepended to `url` unless `url` is absolute. 
    // It can be convenient to set `baseURL` for an instance of axios to pass relative URLs 
    // to methods of that instance. 
    baseURL: 'https://some-domain.com/api/',
    // `transformRequest` allows changes to the request data before it is sent to the server 
    // This is only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', and 'PATCH' 
    // The last function in the array must return a string or an ArrayBuffer 
    transformRequest: [function (data) {
        // Do whatever you want to transform the data return data; 
    }],
    // `transformResponse` allows changes to the response data to be made before 
    // it is passed to then/catch 
    transformResponse: [function (data) {
        // Do whatever you want to transform the data return data; 
    }],
    // `headers` are custom headers to be sent 
    headers: {'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest'},
    // `params` are the URL parameters to be sent with the request 
    params: { ID: 12345 };
    // `paramsSerializer` is an optional function in charge of serializing `params` 
    // (e.g. https://www.npmjs.com/package/qs, http://api.jquery.com/jquery.param/) 
    paramsSerializer: function(params) {
        return Qs.stringify(params, {arrayFormat: 'brackets'})
    },
    // `data` is the data to be sent as the request body 
    // Only applicable for request methods 'PUT', 'POST', and 'PATCH' 
    // When no `transformRequest` is set, must be a string, an ArrayBuffer or a hash 
     data: { firstName: 'Fred' },
    // `timeout` specifies the number of milliseconds before the request times out. 
    // If the request takes longer than `timeout`, the request will be aborted. 
     timeout: 1000,
    // `withCredentials` indicates whether or not cross-site Access-Control requests 
    // should be made using credentials 
    withCredentials: false, // default 
    // `adapter` allows custom handling of requests which makes testing easier. 
    // Call `resolve` or `reject` and supply a valid response (see [response docs](#response-api)). 
    adapter: function (resolve, reject, config) { /* ... */ },
    // `auth` indicates that HTTP Basic auth should be used, and supplies credentials. 
    // This will set an `Authorization` header, overwriting any existing 
    // `Authorization` custom headers you have set using `headers`. 
    auth: { username: 'janedoe', password: 's00pers3cret' }
    // `responseType` indicates the type of data that the server will respond with 
    // options are 'arraybuffer', 'blob', 'document', 'json', 'text' 
    responseType: 'json', // default 
    // `xsrfCookieName` is the name of the cookie to use as a value for xsrf token 
    xsrfCookieName: 'XSRF-TOKEN', // default 
    // `xsrfHeaderName` is the name of the http header that carries the xsrf token value 
    xsrfHeaderName: 'X-XSRF-TOKEN', // default 
    // `progress` allows handling of progress events for 'POST' and 'PUT uploads' as well as 'GET' downloads 
    progress: function(progressEvent) {
        // Do whatever you want with the native progress event 
    }
}

响应的数据结构

响应的数据包括下面的信息：

{
    // `data` is the response that was provided by the server 
    data: {},
    // `status` is the HTTP status code from the server response 
    status: 200,
    // `statusText` is the HTTP status message from the server response 
    statusText: 'OK',
    // `headers` the headers that the server responded with 
    headers: {},
    // `config` is the config that was provided to `axios` for the request 
    config: {}
}

当使用 then 或者 catch 时, 你会收到下面的响应：

axios.get('/user/12345').then(function (response) {
    console.log(response.data);
    console.log(response.status);
    console.log(response.statusText);
    console.log(response.headers);
    console.log(response.config);
});

默认配置

你可以为每一个请求指定默认配置。

全局 axios 默认配置

axios.defaults.baseURL = 'https://api.example.com';
axios.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN;
axios.defaults.headers.post['Content-Type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';

自定义实例默认配置

// Set config defaults when creating the instance 
var instance = axios.create({baseURL: 'https://api.example.com'});
// Alter defaults after instance has been created 
instance.defaults.headers.common['Authorization'] = AUTH_TOKEN;

配置的优先顺序

Config will be merged with an order of precedence. The order is library defaults found in lib/defaults.js, then defaults property of the instance, and finally config argument for the request. The latter will take precedence over the former. Here's an example.

// Create an instance using the config defaults provided by the library 
// At this point the timeout config value is `0` as is the default for the library 
var instance = axios.create();
// Override timeout default for the library 
// Now all requests will wait 2.5 seconds before timing out 
instance.defaults.timeout = 2500;
// Override timeout for this request as it's known to take a long time 
instance.get('/longRequest', {timeout: 5000});

拦截器

你可以在处理 then 或 catch 之前拦截请求和响应

// 添加一个请求拦截器 
axios.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
    // Do something before request is sent return config; 
}, function (error) {
    // Do something with request error return Promise.reject(error); 
});
// 添加一个响应拦截器 
axios.interceptors.response.use(function (response) {
    // Do something with response data return response; 
}, function (error) {
    // Do something with response error return Promise.reject(error); 
});

移除一个拦截器：

var myInterceptor = axios.interceptors.request.use(function () {
    /*...*/
});
axios.interceptors.request.eject(myInterceptor);

你可以给一个自定义的 axios 实例添加拦截器：

var instance = axios.create();
instance.interceptors.request.use(function () {
    /*...*/
});

错误处理

axios.get('/user/12345').catch(function (response) {
    if (response instanceof Error) {
        // Something happened in setting up the request that triggered an Error 
        console.log('Error', response.message);
    } else {
        // The request was made, but the server responded with a status code 
        // that falls out of the range of 2xx 
        console.log(response.data);
        console.log(response.status);
        console.log(response.headers);
        console.log(response.config);
    }
});

Promises

axios 依赖一个原生的 ES6 Promise 实现，如果你的浏览器环境不支持 ES6 Promises，你需要引入 polyfill

TypeScript

axios 包含一个 TypeScript 定义

/// <reference path="axios.d.ts" />
import * as axios from 'axios';
axios.get('/user?ID=12345');

Credits

axios is heavily inspired by the $http service provided in Angular. Ultimately axios is an effort to provide a standalone $http-like service for use outside of Angular.

License

MIT

转载:https://www.awesomes.cn/repo/mzabriskie/axios