最近需要了解sbin与bin的功能，需要整理一下。一下全部为Ubuntu14里面默认安装的。在这里收集一下，转载请注明出处！
bin
| bash | shell |
| bunzip2 | .bz2文件的解压缩程序。 |
| busybox | BusyBox 是一个集成了一百多个最常用linux命令和工具的软件。BusyBox 包含了一些简单的工具，例如ls、cat和echo等等，还包含了一些更大、更复杂的工具，例grep、find、mount以及telnet。 |
| bzcat | 指定要显示内容的.bz2压缩文件，并不解压缩 |
| bzcmp | bzcmp命令主要功能是在不真正解压缩.bz2压缩包的情况下，比较两个压缩包中的文件，省去了解压缩后在调用cmp命令的过程。 |
| bzdiff | bzdiff命令用于直接比较两个“.bz2”压缩包中文件的不同，省去了解压缩后再调用diff命令的过程。 |
| bzgrep | bzgrep命令使用正则表达式搜索“.bz2”压缩包中文件，将匹配的行显示到标注输出。 |
| bzexe | 压缩可执行文件 |
| bzfgrep | search possibly bzip2 compressed files for a regular expression |
| bzip2 | 压缩成bz2格式 |
| bzip2recover | 回复破坏的bz2文件 |
| bzless | 增强.bz2压缩包查看器 |
| bzmore | 查看bzip2压缩过的文本文件的内容 |
| cat | 显示文本内容 |
| chacl | chacl是用来更改文件或目录的访问控制列表的命令。其和chmod有异曲同工之妙。但是比chmod更为强大，更为精细。 |
| chgrp | 改变文件或者目录的用户组 |
| chmod | 变更文件权限 |
| chown | chown命令改变某个文件或目录的所有者和所属的组，该命令可以向某个用户授权，使该用户变成指定文件的所有者或者改变文件所属的组。 |
| chvt | 修改虚拟终端的前台环境 |
| cp | 复制操作 |
| cpio | 建立、还原备份档的工具程序，它可以加入、解开cpio或tar备份档内的文件。 |
| dash | ubuntu 下sh执行文件，与bash类似 |
| date | 显示或者设置系统日期 |
| dbus-cleanup-sockets | dbus 后台程序负责消息转发，清空所有sockets |
| dbus-daemon | dbus 后台程序负责消息转发 |
| dbus-uuidgen | dbus 后台程序负责消息转发 |
| dd | dd这个linux命令可以创建一定大小文件 |
| df | df显示磁盘相关信息 |
| dir | dir与ls类似，但是不显示颜色 |
| dmesg | dmesg命令被用于检查和控制内核的环形缓冲区。kernel会将开机信息存储在ring buffer中。您若是开机时来不及查看信息，可利用dmesg来查看。开机信息保存在/var/log/dmesg文件里。 |
| dnsdomainname | 用于定义DNS系统中FQDN名称中的域名 |
| domainname | 命令用于显示和设置系统的NIS域名。 |
| dumpkeys | Linux dumpkeys命令用于显示键盘映射表，输出的内容可以被loadkeys命令识别,改变映射关系。 |
| echo | 用于在shell中打印shell变量的值，或者直接输出指定的字符串。 |
| ed | 是单行纯文本编辑器，它有命令模式（command mode）和输入模式（input mode）两种工作模式。ed命令支持多个内置命令，常见内置命令如下： |
| egrep | 用于在文件内查找指定的字符串。egrep执行效果与grep -E相似， |
| false' | Exit with a status code indicating failure. |
| fgconsole | 未知 |
| fgrep | 命令是用来查找一个或多个与给出的字符串或词组相匹配文件中的行。fgrep 查询速度比grep命令快，但是不够灵活：它只能找固定的文本，而不是规则表达式。 |
| findmnt | 查看挂载未知和选项 |
| fuser | 使用文件或者套节字来表示识别进程。我常用的他的两个功能：查看我需要的进程和我要杀死我查到的进程。 |
| fusermount | fusermount is a program to mount and unmount FUSE filesystems. |
| getfacl | 与setfacl相关 |
| grep | 查找 |
| gunzip | 解压缩 |
| gzexe | 压缩可执行文件 |
| gzip | 压缩 |
| hostname | 用于显示和设置系统的主机名称。 |
| ip | 命令用来显示或操纵Linux主机的路由、网络设备、策略路由和隧道，是Linux下较新的功能强大的网络配置工具。 |
| kbd_mode | 设置键盘模式 |
| kill | 杀死进程 |
| kmod | kmod是一个用于处理Linux内核模块中一般任务的工具集，功能包括：插入、删除、列表、查看属性、解决依赖关系和别名的共同任务。 |
| less | 工具也是对文件或其它输出进行分页显示的工具， |
| lessecho | lessecho is a program that simply echos its arguments on standard output. But any metacharacter in the output is preceded by an "escape" character, which by default is a backslash. |
| lessfile | which by default is a backslash. |
| lesspipe | 当转换操作通过管道在执行允许我们打开文件,负数与less |
| ln | 创建链接 |
| loadkeys | 命令可以根据一个键盘定义表改变 linux 键盘驱动程序转译键盘输入过程。详细的说明请参考 dumpkeys。 |
| login | 切换用户身份，或者登入系统 |
| loginctl | Control the systemd login manager |
| lowntfs-3g | Third Generation Read/Write NTFS Driver |
| ls | 显示文件夹内容 |
| lsblk | 显示所有块设备信息 |
| lsmod | 显示已经加载到内核中模块的状态信息 |
| mkdir | 创建文件夹 |
| mknod | 命令建立一个目录项和一个特殊文件的对应索引节点 |
| mktemp | mktemp可建立一个暂存文件，供shell script使用。 |
| more | 类似cat |
| mount | 挂载命令 |
| mountpoint | 查看目录是不是挂载点 |
| mt | 外网查看很多磁带机的操作命令都会用到mt |
| mt-gnu | GNU version of mt |
| mv | 文件移动 |
| nano | 是一个字符终端的文本编辑器，有点像DOS下的editor程序 |
| nc | 是netcat命令的简称，都是用来设置路由器 |
| nc.openbsd | arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens |
| netcat | 同nc |
| netstat | 用来打印Linux中网络系统的状态信 |
| nisdomainname | 主机NIS域名 |
| ntfs-3g | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfs-3g.probe | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfs-3g.secaudit | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfs-3g.usermap | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfscat | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfsck | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfscluster | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfscmp | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfsdump_logfile | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfsfix | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfsinfo | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfsls | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfsmftalloc | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfsmove | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfstruncate | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| ntfswipe | NTFS格式硬盘 |
| open | This utility help you to start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT). |
| openvt | This utility help you to start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT). |
| pidof | pidof 是Linux系统中用来查找正在运行进程的进程号（pid)的工具，功能类似pgrep和ps。 |
| ping | ping |
| ping6 | ping ipv6 |
| plymouth | 与启动项有关 |
| plymouth-upstart-bridge | 与启动项有关 |
| ps | 显示进程 |
| pwd | 口令 |
| rbash | restricted bash, see bash(1) |
| readlink | 链接所指向的位置 |
| red | line-oriented text editor |
| rm | 删除文件 |
| rmdir | 删除空目录 |
| sed | 在线编辑器 |
| setfacl | 用来在命令行里设置ACL（访问控制列表）。在命令行里，一系列的命令跟随以一系列的文件名。 |
| setfont | 改造终端文字显示 |
| setupcon | 修改键盘布局 |
| sh | 执行脚本文件 |
| sh.distrib | sh相关 |
| sleep | 脚本暂停指定时间 |
| ss | 用来显示处于活动状态的套接字信息。 |
| static-sh | sh相关 |
| stty | change and print terminal line settings |
| su | 管理员权限相关 |
| sync | 强制同步文件到硬盘 |
| tailf | 用途是依照要求将指定的文件的最后部分输出到标准设备，通常是终端， |
| tar | 压缩 |
| tempfile | 有时候在写Shell脚本的时候需要一些临时存储数据的才做，最适合存储临时文件数据的位置就是/tmp，因为该目录中所有的内容在系统重启后就会被清空。下面是两种方法为临时数据生成标准的文件名。 |
| touch | 创建空白文件 |
| TRUE | 设置退出码为0 |
| udevadm | 查询sda设备devpath |
| ulockmgr_server | ock Manager Server for FUSE filesystems |
| umount | 卸载已经加载的文件系统 |
| uname | 显示系统信息 |
| uncompress | 用来解压缩由compress命令压缩后产生的“.Z”压缩包 |
| unicode_start | 将控制台设为Unicode模式. |
| vdir | list directory contents |
| vmmouse_detect | VMware mouse device autodetection tool |
| which | 查找并显示给定命令的绝对路径 |
| whiptail | 与msgbox类似 |
| ypdomainname | 显示主机NIS的域名 |
| zcat | 显示压缩包中文件的内容 |
| zcmp | compare compressed files |
| zdiff | zcmp, zdiff - compare compressed files |
| zgrep | search possibly compressed files for a regular expression |
| zfgrep | search possibly compressed files for a regular expression |
| zforce | force a '.gz' extension on all gzip files |
| zless | file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text |
| zmore | file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text |
| znew | recompress .Z files to .gz files |
sbin
| acpi_available | test whether ACPI subsystem is available |
| agetty | agetty opens a tty port, prompts for a login name and invokes the /bin/login command. It is normally invoked by init(8). |
| alsa | 高级Linux声音架构的简称 |
| apm_available | test whether APM subsystem is available |
| apparmor_parser | apparmor_parser is used as a general tool to compile, and manage AppArmor policy, including loading new apparmor.d(5) profiles into the Linux kernel. |
| badblocks | badblocks - search a device for bad blocks |
| blkid | locate/print block device attributes |
| blockdev | call block device ioctls from the command line |
| bridege | bridge - show / manipulate bridge addresses and devices |
| brltty | brltty is a background process (daemon) which provides access to the console screen (when in text mode) for a blind person using a refreshable braille display. |
| brltty-setup | 与brltty相关 |
| capsh | 'bash' wrapper to raise and lower the bset and pI capabilities |
| cfdisk | cfdisk is a curses/slang based program for partitioning any hard disk drive. |
| cgdisk | GPT fdisk is a text-mode family of programs for creation and manipulation of partition tables. |
| crda | send to the kernel a wireless regulatory domain for a given ISO / IEC 3166 alpha2 |
| ctrlaltdel | set the function of the Ctrl-Alt-Del combination |
| debugfs | ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger |
| depmod | Generate modules.dep and map files. |
| dhclient | The Internet Systems Consortium DHCP Client, dhclient, provides a means for configuring one or more network interfaces using the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, |
| dhclient-script | |
| dmsetup | low level logical volume management |
| dosfsck | check and repair MS-DOS filesystems |
| dosfslabel | set or get MS-DOS filesystem label |
| dumpe2fs | dumpe2fs prints the super block and blocks group information for the filesystem present on device. |
| e2fsck | check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system |
| e2image | Save critical ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem metadata to a file |
| e2lable | Change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem |
| e2ubudo | Replay an undo log for an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem |
| ethtool | query or control network driver and hardware settings |
| fatlabel | set or get MS-DOS filesystem label |
| fdisk | fdisk (in the first form of invocation) is a menu-driven program for creation and manipulation of partition tables. It understands DOS-type partition tables and BSD- or SUN-type disklabels. |
| findfs | find a filesystem by label or UUID |
| fixparts | MBR partition table repair utility |
| fsck | check and repair a Linux filesystem |
| fsck.cramfs | |
| fsck.ext2 | |
| fsck.ext3 | |
| fsck.ext4 | |
| fsck.ext4dev | |
| fsck.fat | |
| fsck.minix | |
| fsck.msdos | |
| fsck.nfs | |
| fsck.vfat | |
| fsfreeze | fsfreeze halts new access to the filesystem and creates a stable image on disk. fsfreeze is intended to be used with hardware RAID devices that support the creation of snapshots. |
| fstab-decode | fstab-decode decodes escapes in the specified ARGUMENTs and uses them to run COMMAND. The argument escaping uses the same rules as path escaping in /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab and /proc/mtab. |
| fstrim | discard unused blocks on a mounted filesystem |
| fstrim-all | call fstrim on all mounted file systems which support it |
| gdisk | GPT fdisk (aka gdisk) is a text-mode menu-driven program for creation and manipulation of partition tables. |
| getcap | getcap displays the name and capabilities of each specified |
| getpcaps | |
| getty | agetty opens a tty port, prompts for a login name and invokes the /bin/login command. It is normally invoked by init(8). |
| halt | reboot, halt, poweroff - reboot or stop the system |
| hdparm | get/set SATA/IDE device parameters |
| hwclock | hwclock - query or set the hardware clock (RTC) |
| ifconfig | configure a network interface |
| ifdown | take a network interface down |
| ifquery | parse interface configuration |
| ifup | take a network interface up |
| init | Upstart process management daemon |
| initctl | init daemon control tool |
| insmod | Simple program to insert a module into the Linux Kernel |
| installkernel | install a new kernel image |
| ip | show / manipulate routing, devices, policy routing and tunnels |
| ip6tables | iptables/ip6tables — administration tool for IPv4/IPv6 packet filtering and NAT |
| ip6tables-apply | |
| ip6tables-restore | |
| ip6tables-save | |
| iptunnel | |
| isosize | output the length of an iso9660 filesystem |
| iw | show / manipulate wireless devices and their configuration |
| iwconfig | configure a wireless network interface |
| iwevent | Display Wireless Events generated by drivers and setting changes |
| iwgetid | Report ESSID, NWID or AP/Cell Address of wireless network |
| iwlist | Get more detailed wireless information from a wireless interface |
| iwpriv | configure optionals (private) parameters of a wireless network interface |
| iwspy | Get wireless statistics from specific nodes |
| kbdrate | reset the keyboard repeat rate and delay time |
| killall5 | send a signal to all processes. |
| ldconfig | configure dynamic linker run-time bindings |
| ldconfig.real | |
| logsave | save the output of a command in a logfile |
| losetup | set up and control loop devices |
| lsmod | Show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel |
| lspcmcia | display extended PCMCIA debugging information |
| MAKEDEV | create devices |
| mii-tool | manipulate media-independent interface status |
| mkdosfs | create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux |
| mke2fs | create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem |
| mkfs | build a Linux filesystem |
| mkfs.bfs | make an SCO bfs filesystem |
| mkfs.cramfs | |
| mkfs.ext2 | create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem |
| mkfs.ext3 | create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem |
| mkfs.ext4 | create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem |
| mkfs.ext4dev | create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem |
| mkfs.fat | create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux |
| mkfs.minix | make a Minix filesystem |
| mkfs.msdos | create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux |
| mkfs.ntfs | create an NTFS file system |
| mkfs.vfat | create an MS-DOS filesystem under Linux |
| mkhomedir_helper | Helper binary that creates home directories |
| mkntfs | create an NTFS file system |
| mkswap | set up a Linux swap area |
| mntctl | |
| modinfo | Show information about a Linux Kernel module |
| modprobe | Add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel |
| mountall | Mount filesystems during boot |
| mount.fuse | format and options for the fuse file systems |
| mount.lowntfs_3g | |
| mount.ntfs | |
| mount.ntfs-3g | |
| mount.vmhgfs | |
| nameif | name network interfaces based on MAC addresses |
| ntfsclone | Efficiently clone, image, restore or rescue an NTFS |
| ntfscp | copy file to an NTFS volume. |
| ntfslabel | display/change the label on an ntfs file system |
| ntfsresize | resize an NTFS filesystem without data loss |
| ntfsundelete | recover a deleted file from an NTFS volume. |
| on_ac_power | test whether computer is running on AC power |
| pam_tally | The login counter (tallying) module |
| pam_tally2 | The login counter (tallying) module |
| parted | a partition manipulation program |
| partprobe | inform the OS of partition table changes |
| pccardctl | PCMCIA card control utility |
| pivot_root | change the root filesystem |
| plipconfig | fine tune PLIP device parameters |
| plymouth | |
| poweroff | stop the system |
| rarp | manipulate the system RARP table |
| raw | bind a Linux raw character device |
| reboot | reboot the system |
| regdbdump | parse and print out regulatory rules file |
| reload | init daemon control tool |
| resize2fs | ext2/ext3/ext4 file system resizer |
| resolvconf | manage nameserver information |
| restart | init daemon control tool |
| rmmod | Simple program to remove a module from the Linux Kernel |
| route | show / manipulate the IP routing table |
| rtacct | network statistics tools. |
| rtmon | listens to and monitors RTnetlink |
| runlevel | output previous and current runlevel |
| setcap | set file capabilities |
| setvtrgb | customize the console color map |
| sfdisk | partition table manipulator for Linux |
| sgdisk | Command-line GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator for Linux and Unix |
| shadowconfig | toggle shadow passwords on and off |
| shutdown | bring the system down |
| slattach | attach a network interface to a serial line |
| start | init daemon control tool |
| startpar | start runlevel scripts in parallel |
| startpar-upstart-inject | |
| start-stop-daemon | start and stop system daemon programs |
| status | init daemon control tool |
| stop | init daemon control tool |
| sulogin | Single-user login |
| swaplabel | print or change the label or UUID of a swap area |
| swapoff | enable/disable devices and files for paging and swapping |
| swapon | enable/disable devices and files for paging and swapping |
| swithch_root | switch to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree |
| sysctl | configure kernel parameters at runtime |
| tc | show / manipulate traffic control settings |
| telinit | change system runlevel |
| tune2fs | adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems |
| udevadm | udev management tool |
| udevd | systemd-udevd.service, systemd-udevd-control.socket, systemd-udevd-kernel.socket, systemd-udevd - Device event managing daemon |
| umount.udisks2 | this program is only supposed to be invoked by umount(8). |
| unix_chkpwd | Helper binary that verifies the password of the current user |
| unix_update | Helper binary that updates the password of a given user |
| Upstart-dbus-bridge | Bridge between Upstart and D-Bus |
| upstart-event-bridge | Bridge between system Upstart and session Upstart |
| upstart-file-bridge | Bridge between Upstart and inotify |
| upstart-local-bridge | Bridge between Upstart and a local client socket connection. |
| upstart-socket-bridge | Bridge between Upstart and sockets |
| upstart-udev-bridge | Bridge between Upstart and udev |
| ureadahead | Read files in advance during boot |
| wipefs | wipe a filesystem signature from a device |
| wpa_action | wpa_cli action script |
| wpa_cli | WPA command line client |
| wpa_supplicant | Wi-Fi Protected Access client and IEEE 802.1X supplicant |
| xtables-multi | xtables multi-link binary for netfilter's iptables and ip6tables |