口语笔记——定语从句

关系代词与关系副词

能做定语的词性：

• 前四：名、形、数、代
• 后七：副、介（短）、形（短）、从句、非谓语动词

定语从句所修饰的名词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，包括：

• 关系代词: who/whom/whose(适用于人） which（适用于物） that （两者均可），介词后只能用whom
• 关系副词：when where why how

关系代词等于先行词，在句中做成分，不做主语时可省略。

• she is the gril that I like. (that==the girl),也可以用who/whom 引导宾语可省略

• she is the girl that sings well. (that == the girl) , 作主语不能省略, 也可以用who，但不能用whom

• she is the girl that/who/whom I care about. (介宾）

• she is the girl about whom I care. 介词后只能用whom

• This is the phone that I bought. 作宾语能省略，也可用which

• This is the phone that costs me 100 Yuan. 作主语不能省略, 也可用which

• I know the person who/that you worked with. （可省略）
• I have never seen the person who/that you told me. （可省略）
• I don’t like the person who don’t stop talking. (作主语，不能省略）

连词和关系词的对比：

• This is what I bought. what仅起连接作用，如果去掉则主句不成立。
• This is the phone that I bought. that引导的从句仅仅是对先行词起修饰关系，去掉后主句仍然成立。

关系代词作主语时不会出现介词，而从句中会出现介词的三种结构：

• 主谓：I know the person who you are looking for (谓语是不及物动词加介词)
• 主谓宾：I know the person who you bought the phone with.
• 主系表: I know the person who he is worried about.

关系代词只能用that的情况

1. 先行词是不定代词: all/some/any/few/little/none/nothing/anything/everything/each

• this is all that I know.
• All that can be done has already been done.
• All that I want is just money.
• there is little that I can help you with.
• All that can make me happy is money.

1. 先行词被不定代词修饰：little/few/some/any/much

• Any person that wants to learn English well must study hard.
• He spent all the money that you gave him.
• This is the plan that he agrees on.
• There isn’t much money left that he gave me.
• there are some people that you may know in the meeting.
• there are some people that you may have learnt English with in the meeting.
• there are some people that may have hurt you.

1. 先行词被the only/the last/the very修饰时，只能用that。

• the last word that he said is no
• his wife is the only person that he want to meet.
• the only person that I feel sorry for is my mother.
• he is the only person that cried. 他是唯一哭了的人。(主谓）
• he is the only person that is in trouble. （主系表）

1. 先行词是序数词时, 只能用that

• This is the first thing that I want to say.
• This is the second time that I went to America for.

1. 先行词被最高级修饰时

• the most responsible doctor that I have ever seen is him.

1. 先行词同时包含人或物时

• He talked about the people and books that he is interested in.

1. 当句子是who/what/which引导的疑问句时，为了避免重复，就用that

• who is the person that has white hair.

关系副词when引导定语从句

• Do you still remember those days when we were together?
• Do you still remember the first day when you came here?
• Do you still remember the day when you first came here?
• He will never forget those days when he even couldn’t afford the rent. 他永远都忘不了他连房租都付不起的日子。
• His father died in the year when he went to the college.

关系副词where

• This is the place where I lived last year.
• The parking lot(停车场) is a place where you can park your car.
• Great changes have taken place in the place where I was born. 我出生的地方发生了巨大的变化。

关系副词why

• Give me a reason why I shouldn’t kill you.

关系副词和关系代词的等价转换

关系副词 == 介词 + 关系代词 == 介词 + 先行词（两者均可以作状语）

• Do you still remember the first day on that you came here. (关系代词等于先行的名词，而从句you came here 是一个完整的句子，不能再直接加名词，所以必须中间加介词才能作状语）
• the parking lot is a place at which you can park your car. 停车场是一个你能停车的地方。 （at/in都可以，at适用于小地方，in适用于大地方）
• His father died in the year in which he went to the colledge.
• Bejing is the city which I was born in. (介词可以放关系代词前，也可以放最后)
• I don’t know the reason which he looks unhappy for.

介词的选择：

• 关于时间：at the time, on the day, in the year.
• 关于地点：in 大地方/密闭更强 , at 小地方/密闭不强
• 关于原因：for

不带介词的that/which(不能变成when/where/why)

• This is the place that he likes. (that在这里只是作名词，不能变成副词where)
• This is the reason that he gave me. (不能变成why)
• those were the days which he will never forget.
• I will never forget those days which we spent together.
  带介词但和时间、地点、原因无关（不能变成when/where/why)
• This is the reason which I don’t want to listen to . (to which 在这里并不是表原因）

非限定性定语从句

关系代词：who/whom/which/whose
关系副词：when/where

适用场景：先行词越具体、唯一性越强，越适合使用非限定性定语从句。

非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不能省略.
限定性定语从句： 定语从语，从句不能去掉，否则句子意思就会改变

• I like dogs which are loyal to people. 我喜欢对人类忠诚的狗。
  非限定性定语从句： 逗号隔开，相当于两个句子并列，两个句子有共同的成分，去掉从句依然成立。
• I like dogs, which are loyal to people. 我喜欢狗，狗对人类忠诚。
• I know tom, who is my friend.

非限定性定语从句中，如果who作宾语，只能用whom.

• That person, whom I met, is a boss. 那个人我见过，他是一个老板。
• The movie, whose leading actor is chen long, is great. 那部电影很好看，主角是成龙。
• The book , whose author is LiLong, sold well.
• I can go with you on weekends, when I am free. 我周末可以陪你去，那时候有空。
• His father died in that year, when he went to colledge.
• They went to Beijing, where I stayed for years.
• Chengdu is a beautiful city, where many people would like to go.

of which/whom which可以代表句子中的各种成分，也可以代表句子

• He bought two books, neither of which is interesting. 他买了两本书，哪本都没意思。
• I have many friends, most of whom live in Beijing.
• There are many people in the party, 80% of whom are women.
• He is a teacher, which I am not. 他是名都是，而我不是。
• He is careless, which we shouldn’t be. 他总是很马虎，我们不应该这样 （which指代的是careless)
• My friend was born abroad, which I don’t want my friend to be.
• This car is 30% off, which that car isn’t. 这辆车打7折，那辆车不是。
• He didn’t finish his homework, which makes me angry.

as只能代表整句： as可以放前面或后面，which只能放后面

• as we all know, TaiWan is a part of china.
• Tai wan is a part of china, as is known to everyone. (as == which)
• The missing plane has been found, as is reported. 正如报道的那样，丢失的飞机已经被找到了。
• As has been discussed, we should give up the plan.
• As I said, I won’t help you. 正如我说的那样，我不会帮你的。
• As you heard, he will go to Beijing.
• As you can see, he is a good teacher.
• As is often the case, he failed.