要学习content-type,必须事先知道它到底是什么,是干什么用的。
HTTP协议(RFC2616)采用了请求/响应模型。客户端向服务器发送一个请求,请求头包含请求的方法、URI、协议版本、以及包含请求修饰符、客户 信息和内容的类似于MIME的消息结构。服务器以一个状态行作为响应,相应的内容包括消息协议的版本,成功或者错误编码加上包含服务器信息、实体元信息以 及可能的实体内容。
通常HTTP消息由一个起始行,一个或者多个头域,一个只是头域结束的空行和可选的消息体组成。HTTP的头域包括通用头,请求头,响应头和实体头四个部 分。每个头域由一个域名,冒号(:)和域值三部分组成。域名是大小写无关的,域 值前可以添加任何数量的空格符,头域可以被扩展为多行,在每行开始处,使用至少一个空格或制表符。
请求消息和响应消息都可以包含实体信息,实体信息一般由实体头域和实体组成。实体头域包含关于实体的原信息,实体头包括Allow、Content- Base、Content-Encoding、Content-Language、 Content-Length、Content-Location、Content-MD5、Content-Range、Content-Type、 Etag、Expires、Last-Modified、extension-header。
Content-Type是返回消息中非常重要的内容,表示后面的文档属于什么MIME类型。Content-Type: [type]/[subtype]; parameter。例如最常见的就是text/html,它的意思是说返回的内容是文本类型,这个文本又是HTML格式的。原则上浏览器会根据Content-Type来决定如何显示返回的消息体内容。
type有下面的形式。
Text:用于标准化地表示的文本信息,文本消息可以是多种字符集和或者多种格式的;
Multipart:用于连接消息体的多个部分构成一个消息,这些部分可以是不同类型的数据;
Application:用于传输应用程序数据或者二进制数据;
Message:用于包装一个E-mail消息;
Image:用于传输静态图片数据;
Audio:用于传输音频或者音声数据;
Video:用于传输动态影像数据,可以是与音频编辑在一起的视频数据格式。
subtype用于指定type的详细形式。content-type/subtype配对的集合和与此相关的参数,将随着时间而增长。为了确保这些值在一个有序而且公开的状态下开发,MIME使用Internet
Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)作为中心的注册机制来管理这些值。
parameter可以用来指定附加的信息,更多情况下是用于指定text/plain和text/htm等的文字编码方式的charset参数。MIME根据type制定了默认的subtype,当客户端不能确定消息的subtype的情况下,消息被看作默认的subtype进行处理。Text默认是text/plain,Application默认是application/octet-stream而Multipart默认情况下被看作multipart/mixed。
MIME定义在RFC-2046 MIME
Part 2: Media Types 。
常用类型:
Mime Types By File Extension
Extension | Type/sub-type |
application/octet-stream | |
323 | text/h323 |
acx | application/internet-property-stream |
ai | application/postscript |
aif | audio/x-aiff |
aifc | audio/x-aiff |
aiff | audio/x-aiff |
asf | video/x-ms-asf |
asr | video/x-ms-asf |
asx | video/x-ms-asf |
au | audio/basic |
avi | video/x-msvideo |
axs | application/olescript |
bas | text/plain |
bcpio | application/x-bcpio |
bin | application/octet-stream |
bmp | image/bmp |
c | text/plain |
cat | application/vnd.ms-pkiseccat |
cdf | application/x-cdf |
cer | application/x-x509-ca-cert |
class | application/octet-stream |
clp | application/x-msclip |
cmx | image/x-cmx |
cod | image/cis-cod |
cpio | application/x-cpio |
crd | application/x-mscardfile |
crl | application/pkix-crl |
crt | application/x-x509-ca-cert |
csh | application/x-csh |
css | text/css |
dcr | application/x-director |
der | application/x-x509-ca-cert |
dir | application/x-director |
dll | application/x-msdownload |
dms | application/octet-stream |
doc | application/msword |
dot | application/msword |
dvi | application/x-dvi |
dxr | application/x-director |
eps | application/postscript |
etx | text/x-setext |
evy | application/envoy |
exe | application/octet-stream |
fif | application/fractals |
flr | x-world/x-vrml |
gif | image/gif |
gtar | application/x-gtar |
gz | application/x-gzip |
h | text/plain |
hdf | application/x-hdf |
hlp | application/winhlp |
hqx | application/mac-binhex40 |
hta | application/hta |
htc | text/x-component |
htm | text/html |
html | text/html |
htt | text/webviewhtml |
ico | image/x-icon |
ief | image/ief |
iii | application/x-iphone |
ins | application/x-internet-signup |
isp | application/x-internet-signup |
jfif | image/pipeg |
jpe | image/jpeg |
jpeg | image/jpeg |
jpg | image/jpeg |
js | application/x-javascript |
latex | application/x-latex |
lha | application/octet-stream |
lsf | video/x-la-asf |
lsx | video/x-la-asf |
lzh | application/octet-stream |
m13 | application/x-msmediaview |
m14 | application/x-msmediaview |
m3u | audio/x-mpegurl |
man | application/x-troff-man |
mdb | application/x-msaccess |
me | application/x-troff-me |
mht | message/rfc822 |
mhtml | message/rfc822 |
mid | audio/mid |
mny | application/x-msmoney |
mov | video/quicktime |
movie | video/x-sgi-movie |
mp2 | video/mpeg |
mp3 | audio/mpeg |
mpa | video/mpeg |
mpe | video/mpeg |
mpeg | video/mpeg |
mpg | video/mpeg |
mpp | application/vnd.ms-project |
mpv2 | video/mpeg |
ms | application/x-troff-ms |
mvb | application/x-msmediaview |
nws | message/rfc822 |
oda | application/oda |
p10 | application/pkcs10 |
p12 | application/x-pkcs12 |
p7b | application/x-pkcs7-certificates |
p7c | application/x-pkcs7-mime |
p7m | application/x-pkcs7-mime |
p7r | application/x-pkcs7-certreqresp |
p7s | application/x-pkcs7-signature |
pbm | image/x-portable-bitmap |
application/pdf | |
pfx | application/x-pkcs12 |
pgm | image/x-portable-graymap |
pko | application/ynd.ms-pkipko |
pma | application/x-perfmon |
pmc | application/x-perfmon |
pml | application/x-perfmon |
pmr | application/x-perfmon |
pmw | application/x-perfmon |
pnm | image/x-portable-anymap |
pot, | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint |
ppm | image/x-portable-pixmap |
pps | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint |
ppt | application/vnd.ms-powerpoint |
prf | application/pics-rules |
ps | application/postscript |
pub | application/x-mspublisher |
qt | video/quicktime |
ra | audio/x-pn-realaudio |
ram | audio/x-pn-realaudio |
ras | image/x-cmu-raster |
rgb | image/x-rgb |
rmi | audio/mid |
roff | application/x-troff |
rtf | application/rtf |
rtx | text/richtext |
scd | application/x-msschedule |
sct | text/scriptlet |
setpay | application/set-payment-initiation |
setreg | application/set-registration-initiation |
sh | application/x-sh |
shar | application/x-shar |
sit | application/x-stuffit |
snd | audio/basic |
spc | application/x-pkcs7-certificates |
spl | application/futuresplash |
src | application/x-wais-source |
sst | application/vnd.ms-pkicertstore |
stl | application/vnd.ms-pkistl |
stm | text/html |
svg | image/svg+xml |
sv4cpio | application/x-sv4cpio |
sv4crc | application/x-sv4crc |
swf | application/x-shockwave-flash |
t | application/x-troff |
tar | application/x-tar |
tcl | application/x-tcl |
tex | application/x-tex |
texi | application/x-texinfo |
texinfo | application/x-texinfo |
tgz | application/x-compressed |
tif | image/tiff |
tiff | image/tiff |
tr | application/x-troff |
trm | application/x-msterminal |
tsv | text/tab-separated-values |
txt | text/plain |
uls | text/iuls |
ustar | application/x-ustar |
vcf | text/x-vcard |
vrml | x-world/x-vrml |
wav | audio/x-wav |
wcm | application/vnd.ms-works |
wdb | application/vnd.ms-works |
wks | application/vnd.ms-works |
wmf | application/x-msmetafile |
wps | application/vnd.ms-works |
wri | application/x-mswrite |
wrl | x-world/x-vrml |
wrz | x-world/x-vrml |
xaf | x-world/x-vrml |
xbm | image/x-xbitmap |
xla | application/vnd.ms-excel |
xlc | application/vnd.ms-excel |
xlm | application/vnd.ms-excel |
xls | application/vnd.ms-excel |
xlt | application/vnd.ms-excel |
xlw | application/vnd.ms-excel |
xof | x-world/x-vrml |
xpm | image/x-xpixmap |
xwd | image/x-xwindowdump |
z | application/x-compress |
zip | application/zip |
对于IE6浏览器来说,如果Content-Type中的类型和实际的消息体类型不一致,那么它会根据内容中的类型来分析实际应该是什么类型,对于JPG、GIF等常用图片格式都可以正确的识别出来,而不管Content-Type中写的是什么。
如果Content-Type中指定的是浏览器可以直接打开的类型,那么浏览器就会直接打开其内容显示出来,如果是被关联到其它应用程序的类型,这时就要
查找注册表中关于这种类型的注册情况,如果是允许直接打开而不需要询问的,就会直接调出这个关联的应用程序来打开这个文件,但如果是不允许直接打开的,就
会询问是否打开。对于没有关联到任何应用程序的类型,IE浏览器不知道它该如何打开,此时IE6就会把它当成XML来尝试打开。
如果要想实现文件下载,可以在http的头中加入:
fprintf( file, "Content-Disposition:attachment; filename=\"%s\" \r\n", fileName);
经过测试,html,pdf,gif等原来在网页中打开的文件都可以正常实现下载。