顾得泉:个人主页
个人专栏:《Linux操作系统》 《C++从入门到精通》 《LeedCode刷题》
键盘敲烂,年薪百万!
一、二叉搜索树简介
二叉搜索树又称二叉排序树,它或者是一棵空树,或者是具有以下性质的二叉树:
二、详细操作
int a[ ] = {8, 3, 1, 10, 6, 4, 7, 14, 13};
1.查找
a、从根开始比较,查找,比根大则往右边走查找,比根小则往左边走查找。
b、最多查找高度次,走到到空,还没找到,这个值不存在。
2.插入
插入的具体过程如下:
a. 树为空,则直接新增节点,赋值给root指针
b. 树不空,按二叉搜索树性质查找插入位置,插入新节点
3. 删除
首先查找元素是否在二叉搜索树中,如果不存在,则返回, 否则要删除的结点可能分下面四种情况:
看起来有待删除节点有4中情况,实际情况a可以与情况b或者c合并起来,因此真正的删除过程
如下:
三、具体实现
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class K>
struct BSTreeNode
{
BSTreeNode<K>* _left;
BSTreeNode<K>* _right;
K _key;
BSTreeNode(const K& key)
:_left(nullptr)
,_right(nullptr)
,_key(key)
{}
};
template<class K>
class BSTree
{
typedef BSTreeNode<K> Node;
public:
bool Insert(const K& key)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(key);
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
parent = cur;
if (cur->_key < key)
{
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(key);
if (parent->_key < key)
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
return true;
}
bool find(const K& key)
{
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
bool Erase(const K& key)
{
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
//删除
if (cur->_left == nullptr)
{
if (cur == _root)
{
_root = cur->_right;
}
else
{
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
parent->_left = cur->_right;
}
else
{
parent->_right = cur->_right;
}
}
delete cur;
}
else if (cur->_right == nullptr)
{
if (cur == _root)
{
_root = cur -> _left;
}
else
{
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
parent->_left = cur->_left;
}
else
{
parent->_right = cur->_left;
}
}
delete cur;
}
else
{
Node* parent = cur;
Node* subleft = cur->_right;
while (subleft->_left)
{
parent = subleft;
subleft = subleft->_left;
}
swap(cur->_key, subleft->_key);
if (subleft == parent->_left)
{
parent->_left = subleft->_right;
}
else
{
parent->_right = subleft->_right;
}
delete subleft;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
~BSTree()
{
Destory(_root);
}
bool EraseR(const K& key)
{
return _EraseR(_root, key);
}
bool InsertR(const K& key)
{
return _InsertR(_root,key);
}
bool findR(const K& key)
{
return _findR(_root, key);
}
void InOrder()
{
_InOrder(_root);
cout << endl;
}
BSTree(const BSTree<K>& t)
{
_root = Copy(t._root);
}
//C++11
BSTree()
{}
BSTree<K>& operator=(BSTree<K> t)
{
swap(_root,t._root);
return *this;
}
private:
Node* _root = nullptr;
Node* Copy(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return nullptr;
Node* newRoot = new Node(root->_key);
newRoot->_left = Copy(root->_left);
newRoot->_right = Copy(root->_right);
return newRoot;
}
void Destory(Node*& root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
Destory(root->_left);
Destory(root->_right);
delete root;
root = nullptr;
}
void _InOrder(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
_InOrder(root->_left);
cout << root->_key << " ";
_InOrder(root->_right);
}
bool _InsertR(Node*& root,const K& key)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
root = new Node(key);
return true;
}
if (root->_key < key)
{
return _InsertR(root->_right,key);
}
else if (root->_key > key)
{
return _InsertR(root->_left,key);
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
bool _findR(Node* root, const K* key)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return false;
if (root->_key < key)
{
return _findR(root->_right, key);
}
else if (root->_key > key)
{
return _findR(root->_left, key);
}
else
{
return true;
}
}
bool _EraseR(Node*& root, const K& key)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return false;
if (root->_key < key)
{
return _EraseR(root->_right, key);
}
else if (root->_key > key)
{
return _EraseR(root->_left, key);
}
else
{
if (root->_left == nullptr)
{
Node* del = root;
root = root->_right;
delete del;
}
else if (root->_right == nullptr)
{
Node* del = root;
root = root->_left;
delete del;
}
else
{
Node* subleft = root->_right;
while (subleft->_left)
{
subleft = subleft->_left;
}
swap(subleft->_key, root->_key);
return _EraseR(root->_right, key);
}
}
return false;
}
};
int main()
{
int a[] = { 8, 3, 1, 10, 6, 4, 7, 14, 13 };
BSTree<int> bt;
for (auto e : a)
{
bt.InsertR(e);
}
bt.InOrder();
bt.EraseR(14);
bt.InOrder();
bt.EraseR(3);
bt.InOrder();
bt.EraseR(8);
bt.InOrder();
for (auto e : a)
{
bt.EraseR(e);
bt.InOrder();
}
return 0;
}
四、具体应用
1.K模型
K模型即只有key作为关键码,结构中只需要存储Key即可,关键码即为需要搜索到的值。
比如:给一个单词word,判断该单词是否拼写正确,具体方式如下:
2.KV模型
每一个关键码key,都有与之对应的值Value,即<Key, Value>的键值对。该种方式在现实生活中非常常见:
//改造二叉搜索树为KV结构
template<class K,class V>
struct BSTreeNode
{
BSTreeNode<K,V>* _left;
BSTreeNode<K,V>* _right;
K _key;
V _value;
BSTreeNode(const K& key,const V& value)
:_left(nullptr)
, _right(nullptr)
, _key(key)
,_value(value)
{}
};
template<class K,class V>
class BSTree
{
typedef BSTreeNode<K,V> Node;
public:
bool Insert(const K& key,const V& value)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(key,value);
return true;
}
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
parent = cur;
if (cur->_key < key)
{
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
cur = new Node(key,value);
if (parent->_key < key)
{
parent->_right = cur;
}
else
{
parent->_left = cur;
}
return true;
}
Node* find(const K& key)
{
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
return cur;
}
}
return nullptr;
}
bool Erase(const K& key)
{
Node* parent = nullptr;
Node* cur = _root;
while (cur)
{
if (cur->_key < key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_right;
}
else if (cur->_key > key)
{
parent = cur;
cur = cur->_left;
}
else
{
//删除
if (cur->_left == nullptr)
{
if (cur == _root)
{
_root = cur->_right;
}
else
{
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
parent->_left = cur->_right;
}
else
{
parent->_right = cur->_right;
}
}
delete cur;
}
else if (cur->_right == nullptr)
{
if (cur == _root)
{
_root = cur->_left;
}
else
{
if (cur == parent->_left)
{
parent->_left = cur->_left;
}
else
{
parent->_right = cur->_left;
}
}
delete cur;
}
else
{
Node* parent = cur;
Node* subleft = cur->_right;
while (subleft->_left)
{
parent = subleft;
subleft = subleft->_left;
}
swap(cur->_key, subleft->_key);
if (subleft == parent->_left)
{
parent->_left = subleft->_right;
}
else
{
parent->_right = subleft->_right;
}
delete subleft;
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
~BSTree()
{
Destory(_root);
}
void InOrder()
{
_InOrder(_root);
}
private:
Node* _root = nullptr;
void Destory(Node*& root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
Destory(root->_left);
Destory(root->_right);
delete root;
root = nullptr;
}
void _InOrder(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
_InOrder(root->_left);
cout << root->_key << ":" << root->_value << endl;
_InOrder(root->_right);
}
};
五、性能分析
插入和删除操作都必须先查找,查找效率代表了二叉搜索树中各个操作的性能。
对有n个结点的二叉搜索树,若每个元素查找的概率相等,则二叉搜索树平均查找长度是结点在二叉搜索树的深度的函数,即结点越深,则比较次数越多。
但对于同一个关键码集合,如果各关键码插入的次序不同,可能得到不同结构的二叉搜索树:
最优情况下,二叉搜索树为完全二叉树(或者接近完全二叉树),其平均比较次数为:O(logN)
最差情况下,二叉搜索树退化为单支树(或者类似单支),其平均比较次数为:O(N)
思考:如果退化成单支树,二叉搜索树的性能就失去了。那能否进行改进,不论按照什么次序插入关键码,二叉搜索树的性能都能达到最优?那么请期待后续章节学习的AVL树和红黑树。
结语:C++关于二叉搜索树的分享到这里就结束了,希望本篇文章的分享会对大家的学习带来些许帮助,如果大家有什么问题,欢迎大家在评论区留言~~~