注：基于Ubuntu20.04环境验证测试。
一、ping（测试另台主机是否可达）
1.1 安装
sudo apt install iputils-ping
1.2 命令参数
Usage
ping [options] <destination>
Options:
<destination> dns name or ip address
-a use audible ping
-A use adaptive ping
-B sticky source address
-c <count> stop after <count> replies
-D print timestamps
-d use SO_DEBUG socket option
-f flood ping
-h print help and exit
-I <interface> either interface name or address
-i <interval> seconds between sending each packet
-L suppress loopback of multicast packets
-l <preload> send <preload> number of packages while waiting replies
-m <mark> tag the packets going out
-M <pmtud opt> define mtu discovery, can be one of <do|dont|want>
-n no dns name resolution
-O report outstanding replies
-p <pattern> contents of padding byte
-q quiet output
-Q <tclass> use quality of service <tclass> bits
-s <size> use <size> as number of data bytes to be sent
-S <size> use <size> as SO_SNDBUF socket option value
-t <ttl> define time to live
-U print user-to-user latency
-v verbose output
-V print version and exit
-w <deadline> reply wait <deadline> in seconds
-W <timeout> time to wait for response
IPv4 options:
-4 use IPv4
-b allow pinging broadcast
-R record route
-T <timestamp> define timestamp, can be one of <tsonly|tsandaddr|tsprespec>
IPv6 options:
-6 use IPv6
-F <flowlabel> define flow label, default is random
-N <nodeinfo opt> use icmp6 node info query, try <help> as argument
For more details see ping(8).
1.3 命令实例
# ping baidu.com 检查是否可以访问外网
ping baidu.com
# 根据ip地址检查主机是否可达
ping 192.168.3.161
# 根据ipv6地址检查主机是否可达
ping fd80:1234:5678::100
二、ifconfig（经典的网络设备查询、配置命令）
在Linux环境下，ifconfig是常用的网络配置工具之一，可以用于配置和管理网络接口，包括设置IP地址、子网掩码、网络广播地址等。
在最新版本的Linux系统中，ifconfg逐渐被ip addr和ip link慢慢取代，但仍是一个经典的网络配置工具。
2.1 安装
sudo apt install net-tools
2.2 命令参数
Usage:
ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
[add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
[del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
[[-]broadcast [<address>]] [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
[netmask <address>] [dstaddr <address>] [tunnel <address>]
[outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
[hw <HW> <address>] [mtu <NN>]
[[-]trailers] [[-]arp] [[-]allmulti]
[multicast] [[-]promisc]
[mem_start <NN>] [io_addr <NN>] [irq <NN>] [media <type>]
[txqueuelen <NN>]
[[-]dynamic]
[up|down] ...
<HW>=Hardware Type.
List of possible hardware types:
loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)
slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)
ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)
ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)
arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)
sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)
irda (IrLAP) ec (Econet) x25 (generic X.25)
eui64 (Generic EUI-64)
<AF>=Address family. Default: inet
List of possible address families:
unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)
ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)
ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ec (Econet)
ash (Ash) x25 (CCITT X.25)
2.3 命令实例
# 查看所有网卡信息
ifconfig
# 启动/关闭指定网卡
ifconfig <net_name> up
ifconfig <net_name> down
# 指定网卡添加/删除ip
ifconfig <net_name> add <ip_addr>
ifconfig <net_name> del <ip_addr>
三、ip（功能更强大的网络配置命令）
ip命令是linux上更为强大网络管理命令，可以代替ifconfig管理linux网络环境。
3.1 安装
sudo apt-get install iproute2
3.2 命令参数
Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help }
ip [ -force ] -batch filename
where OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable |
tunnel | tuntap | maddress | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm |
netns | l2tp | fou | macsec | tcp_metrics | token | netconf | ila |
vrf | sr | nexthop }
OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] |
-h[uman-readable] | -iec | -j[son] | -p[retty] |
-f[amily] { inet | inet6 | mpls | bridge | link } |
-4 | -6 | -I | -D | -M | -B | -0 |
-l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } | -br[ief] |
-o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -ts[hort] | -b[atch] [filename] |
-rc[vbuf] [size] | -n[etns] name | -N[umeric] | -a[ll] |
-c[olor]}
3.3 命令实例
# 查看所有网卡信息
ip a
# 启动/关闭指定网卡
ip link set <net_name> up
ip link set <net_name> down
# 指定网卡添加/删除ip
ip addr add <ip_addr> dev <net_name>
ip addr del <ip_addr> dev <net_name>
# 添加/删除路由表
ip route add <ip_addr> dev <net_name>
ip route del <ip_addr> dev <net_name>
四、vlan网络
VLAN是虚拟局域网的缩写。
# 挂载vlan内核支持
sudo modprobe 8021q
# 创建vlan网卡
sudo ip link add link <net_name> name <net_name>.<vlan_id> type vlan id <vlan_id>
# 分配ip
sudo ip addr add <ip_addr> dev <net_name>.<vlan_id>
# 使能网卡
sudo ip link set <net_name>.<vlan_id> up