简介

在多媒体应用中,我们通常需要查询媒体文件的总时间、当前播放位置,以及跳转到指定的时间点。GStreamer提供了相应的接口来实现此功能,在本文中,我们将通过示例了解如何查询时间信息,以及如何进行跳转到指定位置。

GStreamer查询机制

GStreamer提供了GstQuery的查询机制,用于查询Element或Pad的相应信息。例如:查询当前的播放速率,产生的延迟,是否支持跳转等。可查看GstQuery文档了解所支持的类型。

要查询所需的信息,首先需要构造一个查询的类型,然后使用Element或Pad的查询接口获取数据,最终再解析相应结果。 下面的例子介绍了如何使用GstQuery查询Pipeline的总时间:

   GstQuery *query = gst_query_new_duration (GST_FORMAT_TIME);
   gboolean res = gst_element_query (pipeline, query);
   if (res) {
     gint64 duration;
     gst_query_parse_duration (query, NULL, &duration);
     g_print ("duration = %"GST_TIME_FORMAT, GST_TIME_ARGS (duration));
   } else {
     g_print ("duration query failed...");
   }
   gst_query_unref (query);

示例代码

在本示例中,我们通过查询Pipeline是否支持跳转(seeking),如果支持跳转(有些媒体不支持跳转,例如实时视频),我们会在播放10秒后跳转到其他位置。
在以前的示例中,我们在Pipeline开始执行后,只等待ERROR和EOS消息,然后退出。本例中,我们会在消息等在中设置等待超时时间,超时后,我们会去查询当前播放的时间,用于显示,这与播放器的进度条类似。

GStreamer基础教程05 - 播放时间控制-LMLPHPGStreamer基础教程05 - 播放时间控制-LMLPHP
#include <gst/gst.h>

/* Structure to contain all our information, so we can pass it around */
typedef struct _CustomData {
  GstElement *playbin;  /* Our one and only element */
  gboolean playing;      /* Are we in the PLAYING state? */
  gboolean terminate;    /* Should we terminate execution? */
  gboolean seek_enabled; /* Is seeking enabled for this media? */
  gboolean seek_done;    /* Have we performed the seek already? */
  gint64 duration;       /* How long does this media last, in nanoseconds */
} CustomData;

/* Forward definition of the message processing function */
static void handle_message (CustomData *data, GstMessage *msg);

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  CustomData data;
  GstBus *bus;
  GstMessage *msg;
  GstStateChangeReturn ret;

  data.playing = FALSE;
  data.terminate = FALSE;
  data.seek_enabled = FALSE;
  data.seek_done = FALSE;
  data.duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;

  /* Initialize GStreamer */
  gst_init (&argc, &argv);

  /* Create the elements */
  data.playbin = gst_element_factory_make ("playbin", "playbin");

  if (!data.playbin) {
    g_printerr ("Not all elements could be created.\n");
    return -1;
  }

  /* Set the URI to play */
  g_object_set (data.playbin, "uri", "https://www.freedesktop.org/software/gstreamer-sdk/data/media/sintel_trailer-480p.webm", NULL);

  /* Start playing */
  ret = gst_element_set_state (data.playbin, GST_STATE_PLAYING);
  if (ret == GST_STATE_CHANGE_FAILURE) {
    g_printerr ("Unable to set the pipeline to the playing state.\n");
    gst_object_unref (data.playbin);
    return -1;
  }

  /* Listen to the bus */
  bus = gst_element_get_bus (data.playbin);
  do {
    msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, 100 * GST_MSECOND,
        GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED | GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS | GST_MESSAGE_DURATION_CHANGED);

    /* Parse message */
    if (msg != NULL) {
      handle_message (&data, msg);
    } else {
      /* We got no message, this means the timeout expired */
      if (data.playing) {
        gint64 current = -1;

        /* Query the current position of the stream */
        if (!gst_element_query_position (data.playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &current)) {
          g_printerr ("Could not query current position.\n");
        }

        /* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
        if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data.duration)) {
          if (!gst_element_query_duration (data.playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &data.duration)) {
            g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
          }
        }

        /* Print current position and total duration */
        g_print ("Position %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " / %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\r",
            GST_TIME_ARGS (current), GST_TIME_ARGS (data.duration));

        /* If seeking is enabled, we have not done it yet, and the time is right, seek */
        if (data.seek_enabled && !data.seek_done && current > 10 * GST_SECOND) {
          g_print ("\nReached 10s, performing seek...\n");
          gst_element_seek_simple (data.playbin, GST_FORMAT_TIME,
              GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT, 30 * GST_SECOND);
          data.seek_done = TRUE;
        }
      }
    }
  } while (!data.terminate);

  /* Free resources */
  gst_object_unref (bus);
  gst_element_set_state (data.playbin, GST_STATE_NULL);
  gst_object_unref (data.playbin);
  return 0;
}

static void handle_message (CustomData *data, GstMessage *msg) {
  GError *err;
  gchar *debug_info;

  switch (GST_MESSAGE_TYPE (msg)) {
    case GST_MESSAGE_ERROR:
      gst_message_parse_error (msg, &err, &debug_info);
      g_printerr ("Error received from element %s: %s\n", GST_OBJECT_NAME (msg->src), err->message);
      g_printerr ("Debugging information: %s\n", debug_info ? debug_info : "none");
      g_clear_error (&err);
      g_free (debug_info);
      data->terminate = TRUE;
      break;
    case GST_MESSAGE_EOS:
      g_print ("End-Of-Stream reached.\n");
      data->terminate = TRUE;
      break;
    case GST_MESSAGE_DURATION_CHANGED:
      /* The duration has changed, mark the current one as invalid */
      data->duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
      break;
    case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED: {
      GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
      gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
      if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (data->playbin)) {
        g_print ("Pipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
            gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));

        /* Remember whether we are in the PLAYING state or not */
        data->playing = (new_state == GST_STATE_PLAYING);

        if (data->playing) {
          /* We just moved to PLAYING. Check if seeking is possible */
          GstQuery *query;
          gint64 start, end;
          query = gst_query_new_seeking (GST_FORMAT_TIME);
          if (gst_element_query (data->playbin, query)) {
            gst_query_parse_seeking (query, NULL, &data->seek_enabled, &start, &end);
            if (data->seek_enabled) {
              g_print ("Seeking is ENABLED from %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " to %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\n",
                  GST_TIME_ARGS (start), GST_TIME_ARGS (end));
            } else {
              g_print ("Seeking is DISABLED for this stream.\n");
            }
          }
          else {
            g_printerr ("Seeking query failed.");
          }
          gst_query_unref (query);
        }
      }
    } break;
    default:
      /* We should not reach here */
      g_printerr ("Unexpected message received.\n");
      break;
  }
  gst_message_unref (msg);
}
View Code

将源码保存为basic-tutorial-5.c,执行下列命令可得到编译结果:
gcc basic-tutorial-5.c -o basic-tutorial-5 `pkg-config --cflags --libs gstreamer-1.0`

源码分析

示例前部分内容与其他示例类似,构造Pipeline并使其进入PLAYING状态。之后开始监听Bus上的消息。

msg = gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered (bus, 100 * GST_MSECOND,
    GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED | GST_MESSAGE_ERROR | GST_MESSAGE_EOS | GST_MESSAGE_DURATION_CHANGED);

与以前的示例相比,我们在gst_bus_timed_pop_filtered ()中加入了超时时间(100毫秒),这使得此函数如果在100毫秒内没有收到任何消息就会返回超时(msg == NULL),我们会在超时中去更新当前时间,如果返回相应消息(msg != NULL),我们在handle_message中处理相应消息。

刷新播放时间

/* We got no message, this means the timeout expired */
if (data.playing) {
/* Query the current position of the stream */
if (!gst_element_query_position (data.pipeline, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &current)) {
  g_printerr ("Could not query current position.\n");
}
/* If we didn't know it yet, query the stream duration */
if (!GST_CLOCK_TIME_IS_VALID (data.duration)) {
  if (!gst_element_query_duration (data.pipeline, GST_FORMAT_TIME, &data.duration)) {
     g_printerr ("Could not query current duration.\n");
  }
}

我们首先判断Pipeline的状态,仅在PLAYING状态时才更新当前时间,在非PLAYING状态时查询可能失败。这部分逻辑每秒大概会执行10次,频率足够用于界面的刷新。这里我们只将查询到的时间输出到终端。
GstElement封装了相应的接口分别用于查询当前时间(gst_element_query_position)和总时间(gst_element_query_duration )。

/* Print current position and total duration */
g_print ("Position %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " / %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\r",
    GST_TIME_ARGS (current), GST_TIME_ARGS (data.duration));

这里使用GST_TIME_FORMAT 和GST_TIME_ARGS 帮助我们方便地将GstClockTime的值转换为: ”时:分:秒“格式的字符串输出。

/* If seeking is enabled, we have not done it yet, and the time is right, seek */
if (data.seek_enabled && !data.seek_done && current > 10 * GST_SECOND) {
  g_print ("\nReached 10s, performing seek...\n");
  gst_element_seek_simple (data.pipeline, GST_FORMAT_TIME,
      GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH | GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT, 30 * GST_SECOND);
  data.seek_done = TRUE;
}

我们同时在超时处理中判断是否需要进行seek操作(在播放到10s时,自动跳转到30s),这里我们直接在Pipeline对象上使用gst_element_seek_simple()来执行跳转操作。
gst_element_seek_simple所需要的参数为:

  • element : 需要执行seek操作的Element,这里是Pipeline。
  • format:执行seek的类型,这里使用GST_FORMAT_TIME表示我们基于时间的方式进行跳转。其他支持的类型可以查看 GstFormat
  • seek_flags :通过标识指定seek的行为。 常用的标识如下,其他支持的flag详见GstSeekFlags。 
    • GST_SEEK_FLAG_FLUSH:在执行seek前,清除Pipeline中所有buffer中缓存的数据。这可能导致Pipeline在填充的新数据被显示之前出现短暂的等待,但能提高应用更快的响应速度。如果不指定这个标志,Pipeline中的所有缓存数据会依次输出,然后才会播放跳转的位置,会导致一定的延迟。
    • GST_SEEK_FLAG_KEY_UNIT:对于大多数的视频,如果跳转的位置不是关键帧,需要依次解码该帧所依赖的帧(I帧及P帧)后,才能解码此非关键帧。使用这个标识后,seek会自动从最近的I帧开始播放。这个标识降低了seek的精度,提高了seek的效率。
    • GST_SEEK_FLAG_ACCURATE:一些媒体文件没有提供足够的索引信息,在这种文件中执行seek操作会非常耗时,针对这类文件,GStreamer通过内部计算得到需要跳转的位置,大部分的计算结果都是正确的。如果seek的位置不能达到所需精度时,可以增加此标识。但需要注意的是,使用此标识可能会导致seek耗费更多时间来寻找精确的位置。
  • seek_pos :需要跳转的位置,前面指定了seek的类型为时间,所以这里是30秒。

消息处理

我们在handle_message接口中处理所有Pipeline上的消息,ERROR和EOS与以前示例处理方式相同,此例中新增了以下内容:

case GST_MESSAGE_DURATION_CHANGED:
  /* The duration has changed, mark the current one as invalid */
  data->duration = GST_CLOCK_TIME_NONE;
  break;

在文件的总时间发生变化时,我们会收到此消息,这里简单的将总长度标记为非法值,在下次更新时间时进行查询。

case GST_MESSAGE_STATE_CHANGED: {
  GstState old_state, new_state, pending_state;
  gst_message_parse_state_changed (msg, &old_state, &new_state, &pending_state);
  if (GST_MESSAGE_SRC (msg) == GST_OBJECT (data->pipeline)) {
    g_print ("Pipeline state changed from %s to %s:\n",
        gst_element_state_get_name (old_state), gst_element_state_get_name (new_state));

    /* Remember whether we are in the PLAYING state or not */
    data->playing = (new_state == GST_STATE_PLAYING);

跳转和时间查询操作仅在PUASED和PLAYING状态时才能得到正确的结果,因为所有的Element只能在这2个状态才能接收处理seek和query的指令。这里会保存播放的状态便于后续使用,并且在进入PLAYING状态时查询当前所播放的文件/流是否支持跳转操作:

if (data->playing) {
  /* We just moved to PLAYING. Check if seeking is possible */
  GstQuery *query;
  gint64 start, end;
  query = gst_query_new_seeking (GST_FORMAT_TIME);
  if (gst_element_query (data->pipeline, query)) {
    gst_query_parse_seeking (query, NULL, &data->seek_enabled, &start, &end);
    if (data->seek_enabled) {
      g_print ("Seeking is ENABLED from %" GST_TIME_FORMAT " to %" GST_TIME_FORMAT "\n",
          GST_TIME_ARGS (start), GST_TIME_ARGS (end));
    } else {
      g_print ("Seeking is DISABLED for this stream.\n");
    }
  }
  else {
    g_printerr ("Seeking query failed.");
  }
  gst_query_unref (query);
}

这里的查询步骤与文章开始介绍的方式相同:

  • 首先,通过gst_query_new_seeking()构造一个跳转的查询对象,使用GST_FORMAT_TIME作为参数,表明我们需要知道当前的文件是否支持通过时间进行跳转。我们同样可以使用GST_FORMAT_BYTES作为参数,用于查询是否可以根据文件的偏移量来就行跳转,但这种使用方式不常见。
  • 接着,将查询对象传入gst_element_query()查询,并得到结果。
  • 最后,通过gst_query_parse_seeking()解析是否支持跳转及所支持的范围。

一定需要记住在使用完后释放查询对象

总结

在本教程中,我们学习了:

  • 如何通过GstQuery查询Pipeline上的信息。
  • 如何通过gst_element_query_position()和gst_element_query_duration() 查询当前时间和总时间。
  • 如何通过gst_element_seek_simple()操作跳转到任意位置。
  • 在哪些状态可以执行查询和跳转操作。

后续我们将介绍如何获取媒体文件中的元数据(Metadata)。

引用

https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/tutorials/basic/time-management.html?gi-language=c
https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/additional/design/query.html?gi-language=c
https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/documentation/gstreamer/gstquery.html?gi-language=c

作者:John.Leng
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07-25 02:56