一、简单节流示例
所谓节流就是控制用户访问频率，这里分为匿名用户（非登录用户）和登录用户的限制。
- 匿名用户：根据其 IP 限制其频率
- 登录用户：IP、用户名都 OK
获取用户请求 IP：request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
需求：一分钟内匿名用户最多只能访问三次
1、app/utils/throttle.py
import time
# 用户保存用户访问时间记录，以用户 IP 为键，值为当前时间组成的列表，最多只能有三个
VISIT_RECORD = {}
# {'127.0.0.1': [1561284634.3823733, 1561284633.0358386, 1561284631.2291381]}
class VisitThrottle(object):
"""节流，限制访问频率"""
def __init__(self):
self.history = None
def allow_request(self, request, view):
"""允许过去的请求"""
# 获取 ip
remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR')
ctime = time.time()
# 第一次访问
if remote_addr not in VISIT_RECORD:
VISIT_RECORD[remote_addr] = [ctime, ]
return True
# 获取记录
history = VISIT_RECORD[remote_addr]
self.history = history
# 若列表最后一个和当前时间的差大于 1 分钟，就删除最后一个
while history and history[-1] < ctime - 60:
history.pop() # 弹出最后一个
if len(history) < 3:
history.insert(0, ctime) # 插入到列表第一个位置
return True
def wait(self):
"""剩余计时"""
ctime = time.time()
return 60 - (ctime - self.history[-1])
2、app/views.py
from .utils.throttle import VisitThrottle
class UserInfo(APIView):
"""用户个人信息"""
authentication_classes = []
permission_classes = []
throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle, ]
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
# user_name = request.user.username
# return HttpResponse(user_name)
# self.dispatch
return HttpResponse('UserInfo')
3、访问：http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/v1/info/，这里我以匿名用户身份访问，三次之后：
上面是以用户 IP 作为键来限制用户访问频率，若是想要以用户名限制，只需将 IP 更换为用户名即可。
二、全局配置
# 设置全局认证
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ['app.utils.throttle.VisitThrottle', ],
}
局部设置：
throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle, ]
三、内置节流
1、与认证、权限一样，rest framework 也有内置的节流相关实现，一般地自定义节流类需继承 BaseThrottle：
import time
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle
VISIT_RECORD = {}
class VisitThrottle(BaseThrottle):
"""节流，限制访问频率"""
def __init__(self):
self.history = None
def allow_request(self, request, view):
"""允许过去的请求"""
# 获取 ip
...
2、类 BaseThrottle 源码：
BaseThrottle 中实现了 allow_request()、get_indent() 以及 wait() 方法，但是除了 get_ident() 方法中获取用户 IP 外，另外两个函数都没有实现其功能。
class BaseThrottle(object):
"""
Rate throttling of requests(对请求进行速率限制).
"""
def allow_request(self, request, view):
"""
Return `True` if the request should be allowed, `False` otherwise.
"""
raise NotImplementedError('.allow_request() must be overridden')
def get_ident(self, request):
"""
Identify the machine making the request by parsing HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR
if present and number of proxies is > 0. If not use all of
HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR if it is available, if not use REMOTE_ADDR.
"""
xff = request.META.get('HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR')
remote_addr = request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR') # 获取 IP
num_proxies = api_settings.NUM_PROXIES
if num_proxies is not None:
if num_proxies == 0 or xff is None:
return remote_addr
addrs = xff.split(',')
client_addr = addrs[-min(num_proxies, len(addrs))]
return client_addr.strip()
return ''.join(xff.split()) if xff else remote_addr
def wait(self):
"""
Optionally, return a recommended number of seconds to wait before
the next request.
"""
return None
3、我们来看看 BaseThrottle 下面的类 SimpleRateThrottle：
class SimpleRateThrottle(BaseThrottle):
"""
A simple cache implementation, that only requires `.get_cache_key()`
to be overridden. 一个简单的缓存实现，只需要重写 get_cache_key（）方法
The rate (requests / seconds) is set by a `rate` attribute on the View
class. The attribute is a string of the form 'number_of_requests/period'.
速率格式为：request/分钟
Period should be one of: ('s', 'sec', 'm', 'min', 'h', 'hour', 'd', 'day')
Previous request information used for throttling is stored in the cache.
用于限制的先前请求信息存储在缓存中
"""
cache = default_cache # Django 内置的缓存
timer = time.time
cache_format = 'throttle_%(scope)s_%(ident)s'
scope = None
THROTTLE_RATES = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES # 从配置文件中加载限制速率
def __init__(self):
if not getattr(self, 'rate', None):
self.rate = self.get_rate()
self.num_requests, self.duration = self.parse_rate(self.rate)
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
"""
Should return a unique cache-key which can be used for throttling.
Must be overridden.
May return `None` if the request should not be throttled.
"""
raise NotImplementedError('.get_cache_key() must be overridden')
def get_rate(self):
"""
Determine the string representation of the allowed request rate.
"""
if not getattr(self, 'scope', None):
msg = ("You must set either `.scope` or `.rate` for '%s' throttle" %
self.__class__.__name__)
raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)
try:
return self.THROTTLE_RATES[self.scope]
except KeyError:
msg = "No default throttle rate set for '%s' scope" % self.scope
raise ImproperlyConfigured(msg)
def parse_rate(self, rate):
"""
Given the request rate string, return a two tuple of:
<allowed number of requests>, <period of time in seconds>
"""
if rate is None:
return (None, None)
num, period = rate.split('/')
num_requests = int(num)
duration = {'s': 1, 'm': 60, 'h': 3600, 'd': 86400}[period[0]]
return (num_requests, duration)
def allow_request(self, request, view):
"""
Implement the check to see if the request should be throttled.
On success calls `throttle_success`.
On failure calls `throttle_failure`.
"""
if self.rate is None:
return True
self.key = self.get_cache_key(request, view)
if self.key is None:
return True
self.history = self.cache.get(self.key, [])
self.now = self.timer()
# Drop any requests from the history which have now passed the
# throttle duration
while self.history and self.history[-1] <= self.now - self.duration:
self.history.pop()
if len(self.history) >= self.num_requests:
return self.throttle_failure()
return self.throttle_success()
def throttle_success(self):
"""
Inserts the current request's timestamp along with the key
into the cache.
"""
self.history.insert(0, self.now)
self.cache.set(self.key, self.history, self.duration)
return True
def throttle_failure(self):
"""
Called when a request to the API has failed due to throttling.
"""
return False
def wait(self):
"""
Returns the recommended next request time in seconds.
"""
if self.history:
remaining_duration = self.duration - (self.now - self.history[-1])
else:
remaining_duration = self.duration
available_requests = self.num_requests - len(self.history) + 1
if available_requests <= 0:
return None
return remaining_duration / float(available_requests)
4、它继承 BaseThrottle ，并重写了 allow_request() 和 wait() 方法，另外地还设置控制访问速率属性设置。因此我们自定义节流类时，只需继承 SimpleRateThrottle ，并重写 get_cache_key() 方法即可 app/utils/throttle.py：
from rest_framework.throttling import BaseThrottle, SimpleRateThrottle
class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
scope = 'Hubery'
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
return self.get_ident(request)
5、settings.py
# 设置全局认证
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ['app.utils.throttle.VisitThrottle', ],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES": {
"Hubery": '4/m', # 匿名用户设置每分钟只能访问 4 次
}
}
四、匿名用户和登录用户同时限制
1、app/utils/throttle.py：
class VisitThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
"""匿名用户根据 IP 限制每分钟访问 4 次"""
scope = 'Hubery'
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
return self.get_ident(request)
class UserThrottle(SimpleRateThrottle):
"""登录用户限制每分钟可以访问 10 次"""
scope = 'Jun' # 随便定义
def get_cache_key(self, request, view):
return request.user.username
2、settings.py
# 设置全局认证
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES": ['app.utils.throttle.UserThrottle', ],
"DEFAULT_THROTTLE_RATES": {
"Hubery": '4/m', # 匿名用户设置每分钟只能访问 4 次
"Jun": '10/m', # 登录用户设置每分钟只能访问 10 次
}
}
全局设置 登录用户限制（UserThrottle），局部设置 匿名用户限制即可
3、app/views.py
from .utils.throttle import VisitThrottle
class OrderView(APIView):
"""订单管理"""
# authentication_classes = [MyAuthentication, ] # 添加认证
# authentication_classes = []
# permission_classes = [SVIPPermission, ]
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
ret = {'code': 1000, 'msg': None, 'data': None, }
ret['data'] = ORDER_DICT
print(request.user)
return JsonResponse(ret)
class UserInfo(APIView):
"""用户个人信息"""
authentication_classes = []
permission_classes = []
throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle, ] # 局部设置匿名用户访问频率
def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
return HttpResponse('UserInfo')
总结
- 自定义节流，须继承
SimpleRateThrottle，并重写get_cache_key()方法 - 可以全局和局部限制，不限制可设置
throttle_classes = []