查询过滤器... 开发系统时常见的问题。但是当开始编写代码时,每个开发人员都会出现许多熟悉的问题:「我应该把这个查询逻辑放在哪里?我应该如何管理它以方便使用?」。老实说,对于我开发的每个项目,我都会根据以前创建的项目的经验以不同的风格写作。而每次我开始一个新项目,这一次我都会问自己同样的问题,我如何安排查询过滤器!本文可以认为是一个查询过滤系统的逐步开发,有相应的问题。
上下文
在撰写本文时,我在 PHP 8.1 和 MySQL 8 上使用 Laravel 9。我相信技术栈不是一个大问题,这里我们主要关注构建一个查询过滤器系统。在本文中,我将演示为 users 表构建过滤器。
<?php use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration; use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint; use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema; return new class extends Migration { /** * 运行迁移 * * @return void */ public function up() { Schema::create('users', function (Blueprint $table) { $table->id(); $table->string('name'); $table->string('email')->unique(); $table->string('gender', 10)->nullable()->index(); $table->boolean('is_active')->default(true)->index(); $table->boolean('is_admin')->default(false)->index(); $table->timestamp('birthday')->nullable(); $table->timestamp('email_verified_at')->nullable(); $table->string('password'); $table->rememberToken(); $table->timestamps(); }); } /** * 回退迁移 * * @return void */ public function down() { Schema::dropIfExists('users'); } }
此外,我还使用 Laravel Telescope 轻松监控查询。
初始点
在学习使用 Laravel 的第一天,我经常直接在控制器上调用过滤器。简单,没有魔法,容易理解,但是这种方式有问题:
- 控制器中放置的大量逻辑导致控制器膨胀
- 不能重复使用
- 许多相同的工作重复
<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers; use App\Models\User; use Illuminate\Http\Request; class UserController extends Controller { public function __invoke(Request $request) { // /users?name=ryder&email=hartman&gender=male&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2014-11-30 $query = User::query(); if ($request->has('name')) { $query->where('name', 'like', "%{$request->input('name')}%"); } if ($request->has('email')) { $query->where('email', 'like', "%{$request->input('email')}%"); } if ($request->has('gender')) { $query->where('gender', $request->input('gender')); } if ($request->has('is_active')) { $query->where('is_active', $request->input('is_active') ? 1 : 0); } if ($request->has('is_admin')) { $query->where('is_admin', $request->input('is_admin') ? 1 : 0); } if ($request->has('birthday')) { $query->whereDate('birthday', $request->input('birthday')); } return $query->paginate(); // select * from `users` where `name` like '%ryder%' and `email` like '%hartman%' and `gender` = 'male' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and date(`birthday`) = '2014-11-30' limit 15 offset 0 } }
使用 Local Scope
为了能够在过滤期间隐藏逻辑,让我们尝试使用 Laravel 的 Local Scope。将查询转换为 User 模型中的函数范围:
// User.php public function scopeName(Builder $query): Builder { if (request()->has('name')) { $query->where('name', 'like', "%" . request()->input('name') . "%"); } return $query; } public function scopeEmail(Builder $query): Builder { if (request()->has('email')) { $query->where('email', 'like', "%" . request()->input('email') . "%"); } return $query; } public function scopeGender(Builder $query): Builder { if (request()->has('gender')) { $query->where('gender', request()->input('gender')); } return $query; } public function scopeIsActive(Builder $query): Builder { if (request()->has('is_active')) { $query->where('is_active', request()->input('is_active') ? 1 : 0); } return $query; } public function scopeIsAdmin(Builder $query): Builder { if (request()->has('is_admin')) { $query->where('is_admin', request()->input('is_admin') ? 1 : 0); } return $query; } public function scopeBirthday(Builder $query): Builder { if (request()->has('birthday')) { $query->where('birthday', request()->input('birthday')); } return $query; } // UserController.php public function __invoke(Request $request) { // /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11 $query = User::query() ->name() ->email() ->gender() ->isActive() ->isAdmin() ->birthday(); return $query->paginate(); // select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0 }
通过这种设置,我们将大部分数据库操作移到了模型类中,但是代码重复非常多。示例 2 的名称和电子邮件范围过滤器相同,性别生日和 is_active/is_admin 组相同。我们将对类似的查询功能进行分组。
// User.php public function scopeRelativeFilter(Builder $query, $inputName): Builder { if (request()->has($inputName)) { $query->where($inputName, 'like', "%" . request()->input($inputName) . "%"); } return $query; } public function scopeExactFilter(Builder $query, $inputName): Builder { if (request()->has($inputName)) { $query->where($inputName, request()->input($inputName)); } return $query; } public function scopeBooleanFilter(Builder $query, $inputName): Builder { if (request()->has($inputName)) { $query->where($inputName, request()->input($inputName) ? 1 : 0); } return $query; } // UserController.php public function __invoke(Request $request) { // /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11 $query = User::query() ->relativeFilter('name') ->relativeFilter('email') ->exactFilter('gender') ->booleanFilter('is_active') ->booleanFilter('is_admin') ->exactFilter('birthday'); return $query->paginate(); // select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0 }
至此,我们已经对大部分重复项进行了分组。但是,删除 if 语句或将这些过滤器扩展到另一个模型有点困难。我们正在寻找一种方法来彻底解决这个问题。
使用管道设计模式
管道设计模式是一种设计模式,它提供了逐步构建和执行一系列操作的能力。 Laravel 有内置的 Pipeline 让我们可以很容易地在实际中应用这种设计模式,但由于某种原因,它没有在官方文档中列出。 Laravel 本身也将 Pipeline 应用于请求和响应之间的中间件。最基本的,要在 Laravel 中使用 Pipeline,我们可以这样使用
app(\Illuminate\Pipeline\Pipeline::class) ->send($intialData) ->through($pipes) ->thenReturn(); // data with pipes applied
对于我们的问题,可以将初始查询 User:query() 传递给 pipeline,通过过滤器步骤,并返回应用过滤器的查询构建器。
// UserController public function __invoke(Request $request) { // /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11 $query = app(Pipeline::class) ->send(User::query()) ->through([ // filters ]) ->thenReturn(); return $query->paginate();
现在我们需要构建管道过滤器:
// File: app/Models/Pipes/RelativeFilter.php <?php namespace App\Models\Pipes; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder; class RelativeFilter { public function __construct(protected string $inputName) { } public function handle(Builder $query, \Closure $next) { if (request()->has($this->inputName)) { $query->where($this->inputName, 'like', "%" . request()->input($this->inputName) . "%"); } return $next($query); } } // File: app/Models/Pipes/ExactFilter.php <?php namespace App\Models\Pipes; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder; class ExactFilter { public function __construct(protected string $inputName) { } public function handle(Builder $query, \Closure $next) { if (request()->has($this->inputName)) { $query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName)); } return $next($query); } } //File: app/Models/Pipes/BooleanFilter.php <?php namespace App\Models\Pipes; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder; class BooleanFilter { public function __construct(protected string $inputName) { } public function handle(Builder $query, \Closure $next) { if (request()->has($this->inputName)) { $query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName) ? 1 : 0); } return $next($query); } } // UserController public function __invoke(Request $request) { // /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11 $query = app(Pipeline::class) ->send(User::query()) ->through([ new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('name'), new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('email'), new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('gender'), new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_active'), new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_admin'), new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('birthday'), ]) ->thenReturn(); return $query->paginate(); // select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0 }
通过将每个查询逻辑移动到一个单独的类,我们解锁了使用 OOP 的定制可能性,包括多态、继承、封装、抽象。比如你在 pipeline 的 handle 函数中看到,只有 if 语句中的逻辑不同,我会通过创建抽象类 BaseFilter 的方式将其分离抽象出来
//File: app/Models/Pipes/BaseFilter.php <?php namespace App\Models\Pipes; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder; abstract class BaseFilter { public function __construct(protected string $inputName) { } public function handle(Builder $query, \Closure $next) { if (request()->has($this->inputName)) { $query = $this->apply($query); } return $next($query); } abstract protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder; } // BooleanFilter class BooleanFilter extends BaseFilter { protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder { return $query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName) ? 1 : 0); } } // ExactFilter class ExactFilter extends BaseFilter { protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder { return $query->where($this->inputName, request()->input($this->inputName)); } } // RelativeFilter class RelativeFilter extends BaseFilter { protected function apply(Builder $query): Builder { return $query->where($this->inputName, 'like', "%" . request()->input($this->inputName) . "%"); } }
现在我们的过滤器直观且高度可重用,易于实现甚至扩展,只需创建一个管道,扩展 BaseFilter 并声明函数 apply 即可应用到 Pipeline.中。
将 Local Scope 与 Pipeline 相结合
此时,我们将尝试在控制器上隐藏 Pipeline,通过在 Model 中创建一个调用 Pipeline 的作用域来使我们的代码更简洁。
// User.php public function scopeFilter(Builder $query) { $criteria = $this->filterCriteria(); return app(\Illuminate\Pipeline\Pipeline::class) ->send($query) ->through($criteria) ->thenReturn(); } public function filterCriteria(): array { return [ new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('name'), new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('email'), new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('gender'), new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_active'), new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_admin'), new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('birthday'), ]; } // UserController.php public function __invoke(Request $request) { // /users?name=john&email=desmond&gender=female&is_active=1&is_admin=0&birthday=2015-04-11 return User::query() ->filter() ->paginate() ->appends($request->query()); // 将所有当前查询附加到分页链接中 // select * from `users` where `name` like '%john%' and `email` like '%desmond%' and `gender` = 'female' and `is_active` = 1 and `is_admin` = 0 and `birthday` = '2015-04-11' limit 15 offset 0 }
用户现在可以从任何地方调用过滤器。但是其他模型也想实现过滤,我们将创建一个包含范围的 Trait,并在模型内部声明参与过滤过程的 Pipeline。
// User.php use App\Models\Concerns\Filterable; class User extends Authenticatable { use Filterable; protected function getFilters() { return [ new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('name'), new \App\Models\Pipes\RelativeFilter('email'), new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('gender'), new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_active'), new \App\Models\Pipes\BooleanFilter('is_admin'), new \App\Models\Pipes\ExactFilter('birthday'), ]; } // 其余代码 // File: app/Models/Concerns/Filterable.php namespace App\Models\Concerns; use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Builder; use Illuminate\Pipeline\Pipeline; trait Filterable { public function scopeFilter(Builder $query) { $criteria = $this->filterCriteria(); return app(Pipeline::class) ->send($query) ->through($criteria) ->thenReturn(); } public function filterCriteria(): array { if (method_exists($this, 'getFilters')) { return $this->getFilters(); } return []; } }
我们已经解决了分而治之的问题,每个文件,每个类,每个函数现在都有明确的职责。代码也干净、直观且更易于重用,不是吗!我把这个帖子 Demo 整个流程的代码都放在这里了。
结语
以上是我构建高级查询过滤器系统的一部分,同时向你介绍了一些 Laravel 编程方法,例如 Local Scope 尤其是 Pipeline 设计模式。要快速轻松地将此设置应用于新项目,你可以使用包 Pipeline Query Collection,其中包括一组预构建的管道,使其易于安装和使用。希望大家多多支持!
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