gnome-builder创建的程序，在工程树中有三个重要程序：main主程序、application应用程序和window主窗口程序。main整个程序的起始，它会操作application生产应用环境，application会操作window生成主窗口，于是就有了 application 和 window 的 handle，驾驭整个程序的运行。
新的主窗口生成，主要改动 withcambla-window.c 的内容，其它的暂时先不用动。
1- 改动窗体结构，将用到的widget全部放入窗体结构中(初创时只有个label)。
struct _WithcamblaWindow
{
GtkApplicationWindow parent_instance;
/* Template widgets */
GtkHeaderBar *header_bar;
GtkLabel *label1;
GtkButton *button1;
GtkButton *button2;
GtkButton *button3;
GtkGrid *grid1;
};2- 将widget绑定到template上
static void
withcambla_window_class_init (WithcamblaWindowClass *klass)
{
GtkWidgetClass *widget_class = GTK_WIDGET_CLASS (klass);
gtk_widget_class_set_template_from_resource (widget_class, "/org/mongnewer/test/withcambla-window.ui");
gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (widget_class, WithcamblaWindow, header_bar);
gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (widget_class, WithcamblaWindow, label1);
gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (widget_class, WithcamblaWindow, button1);
gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (widget_class, WithcamblaWindow, button2);
gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (widget_class, WithcamblaWindow, button3);
gtk_widget_class_bind_template_child (widget_class, WithcamblaWindow, grid1);
}3- 在窗口初始化中加入widget控制信号，建立起widget事件关系。
static void
withcambla_window_init (WithcamblaWindow *self)
{
gtk_widget_init_template (GTK_WIDGET (self));
g_signal_connect(GTK_BUTTON(self->button1), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(on_button1_click), self);
g_signal_connect(GTK_BUTTON(self->button2), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(on_button2_click), self);
g_signal_connect(GTK_BUTTON(self->button3), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(on_button3_click), self);
}至此，主窗口程序就改动好了。
button1_click回调函数，在label上显示 hello 字样，因主使用markup， 不需要 pango 了。
static void
on_button1_click(GtkWidget *widget, WithcamblaWindow *self)
{
gtk_label_set_markup (GTK_LABEL(self->label1),
"<span foreground='red' underline='single' underline_color='blue' font_desc='Times italic 48'>Hello!</span>");
GtkWidget *inlabel = gtk_button_get_child(GTK_BUTTON(self->button1));
gtk_label_set_markup (GTK_LABEL(inlabel),
"<span foreground='red' underline='single' underline_color='blue' font_desc='Times italic 48'>Hello!</span>");
}button2_click回调函数，用程序方式直接写出一个窗体并作为主窗体的子窗体显示。
static void
on_button2_click(GtkWidget *widget, GtkWindow *self)
{
GtkWidget *window = gtk_window_new ();
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW(window), 600, 400);
gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW(window), "A popup window by button_click");
GtkWidget *box = gtk_box_new(GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, 10);
gtk_box_set_homogeneous (GTK_BOX(box), TRUE);
gtk_window_set_child (GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIDGET(box));
GtkWidget *button = gtk_button_new_with_label("Pressed!");
gtk_widget_set_visible (GTK_WIDGET(button), TRUE);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(closewindow), window);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(closewindow), window);
GtkWidget *spacer1 = gtk_label_new("");
gtk_box_append (GTK_BOX(box), GTK_WIDGET(spacer1));
gtk_box_append (GTK_BOX(box), GTK_WIDGET(button));
GtkWidget *spacer2 = gtk_label_new("");
gtk_box_append (GTK_BOX(box), GTK_WIDGET(spacer2));
gtk_window_set_resizable (GTK_WINDOW(window), FALSE);
gtk_window_set_modal (GTK_WINDOW(window), TRUE);
gtk_window_set_transient_for (GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WINDOW(self));
gtk_widget_set_visible(window, TRUE);
}button3_click回调函数，产生一个TEST_TYPE_WINDOW定义的子窗口并作为主窗口的子窗口显示。它不是由程序代码实现的，而是由 ui 文件实现的，需要另外的popwindowf.h和popwindowf.c实现。如果只是简单窗口，这种方式比直接代码实现窗口显得啰嗦一些。
static void
on_button3_click(GtkWidget *widget, GtkWindow *self)
{
GtkWindow *window;
window = g_object_new (TEST_TYPE_WINDOW,
"default-height", 550, "default-width", 800,
"title", "Nice window!",
NULL);
gtk_window_set_transient_for (window, self);
gtk_window_present (window);
}代码实现的子窗口
ui实现的子窗口(直接改了一下主窗口的ui，它们看上去很相似)
七、用菜单命令操作实现上述两个子窗口
菜单项操作与button信号操作有些不同，首先在主窗口的ui中加上新的菜单项。app.ghello, app.popwin1, app.popwin2
<menu id="primary_menu">
<section>
<item>
<attribute name="action">app.preferences</attribute>
<attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Preferences</attribute>
</item>
<item>
<attribute name="action">win.show-help-overlay</attribute>
<attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_Keyboard Shortcuts</attribute>
</item>
<item>
<attribute name="action">app.about</attribute>
<attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_About gnomeapp</attribute>
</item>
<item>
<attribute name="action">app.ghello</attribute>
<attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_gPrint Hello</attribute>
</item>
<item>
<attribute name="action">app.popwin</attribute>
<attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_popup window</attribute>
</item>
<item>
<attribute name="action">app.popwin1</attribute>
<attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_popup window 1</attribute>
</item>
<item>
<attribute name="action">app.popwin2</attribute>
<attribute name="label" translatable="yes">_popup window 2</attribute>
</item>
</section>
</menu>
菜单项的操作是withcambla-application.c初始化时关联的，它们都要挂到action map上去，然后与回调函数建立联系，快捷键也是在这个地方关联的。
static void
withcambla_application_init (WithcamblaApplication *self)
{
g_autoptr (GSimpleAction) quit_action = g_simple_action_new ("quit", NULL);
g_signal_connect_swapped (quit_action, "activate", G_CALLBACK (g_application_quit), self);
g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (self), G_ACTION (quit_action));
g_autoptr (GSimpleAction) about_action = g_simple_action_new ("about", NULL);
g_signal_connect (about_action, "activate", G_CALLBACK (withcambla_application_show_about), self);
g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (self), G_ACTION (about_action));
g_autoptr (GSimpleAction) ghello_action = g_simple_action_new ("ghello", NULL);
g_signal_connect (ghello_action, "activate", G_CALLBACK (ghello), self);
g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (self), G_ACTION (ghello_action));
g_autoptr (GSimpleAction) popwin_action = g_simple_action_new ("popwin", NULL);
g_signal_connect (popwin_action, "activate", G_CALLBACK (popwin), self);
g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (self), G_ACTION (popwin_action));
g_autoptr (GSimpleAction) popwin1_action = g_simple_action_new ("popwin1", NULL);
g_signal_connect (popwin1_action, "activate", G_CALLBACK (popwin1), self);
g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (self), G_ACTION (popwin1_action));
g_autoptr (GSimpleAction) popwin2_action = g_simple_action_new ("popwin2", NULL);
g_signal_connect (popwin2_action, "activate", G_CALLBACK (popwin2), self);
g_action_map_add_action (G_ACTION_MAP (self), G_ACTION (popwin2_action));
gtk_application_set_accels_for_action (GTK_APPLICATION (self),
"app.ghello",
(const char *[]) {
"<Control><Super><Alt>h",
NULL,
});
gtk_application_set_accels_for_action (GTK_APPLICATION (self),
"app.quit",
(const char *[]) {
"<primary>q",
NULL,
});
}
popwin回调函数，用代码创建子窗体，可以用button创建的好个，习练时也可以考贝一个改一下用。
static void
popwin(GSimpleAction *action,
GVariant *parameter,
gpointer user_data)
{
WithcamblaApplication *self = WITHCAMBLA_APPLICATION (user_data);
GtkWindow *windowapp = gtk_application_get_active_window (GTK_APPLICATION (self));
GtkWidget *window = gtk_window_new ();
gtk_window_set_default_size (GTK_WINDOW(window), 600, 400);
gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW(window), "A popup window called from Menu");
//gtk_window_set_application (GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_APPLICATION (self));
GtkWidget *box = gtk_box_new (GTK_ORIENTATION_VERTICAL, 10);
gtk_box_set_homogeneous (GTK_BOX(box), TRUE);
gtk_window_set_child (GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WIDGET(box));
GtkWidget *button = gtk_button_new_with_label("A new button");
gtk_widget_set_visible (GTK_WIDGET(button), TRUE);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(button), "clicked", G_CALLBACK(closewindow), window);
g_signal_connect(G_OBJECT(window), "destroy", G_CALLBACK(closewindow), window);
GtkWidget *spacer1 = gtk_label_new("");
gtk_box_append (GTK_BOX(box), GTK_WIDGET(spacer1));
gtk_box_append (GTK_BOX(box), GTK_WIDGET(button));
GtkWidget *spacer2 = gtk_label_new("");
gtk_box_append (GTK_BOX(box), GTK_WIDGET(spacer2));
gtk_window_set_resizable (GTK_WINDOW(window), FALSE);
gtk_window_set_modal (GTK_WINDOW(window), TRUE);
gtk_window_set_transient_for (GTK_WINDOW(window), GTK_WINDOW(windowapp));
gtk_widget_set_visible(window, TRUE);
}popwin1回调函数是通过测试调用一个子过程，由子过程代码创建的子窗口。
static void
popwin1(GSimpleAction *action,
GVariant *parameter,
gpointer user_data)
{
WithcamblaApplication *self = WITHCAMBLA_APPLICATION (user_data);
GtkWindow *windowapp = gtk_application_get_active_window (GTK_APPLICATION (self));
popwinsub(NULL, windowapp);
}popwin2回调函数，是调用popwindowf.h和popwindowf.c程序实现的。
static void
popwin2(GSimpleAction *action,
GVariant *parameter,
gpointer user_data)
{
WithcamblaApplication *self = WITHCAMBLA_APPLICATION (user_data);
GtkWindow *windowapp = gtk_application_get_active_window (GTK_APPLICATION (self));
//popwinsubf(NULL, windowapp);
/* Get the current window or create one if necessary. */
GtkWindow *window;
window = g_object_new (TEST_TYPE_WINDOW,
"default-height", 550, "default-width", 800,
"title", "Nice window!",
NULL);
gtk_window_set_transient_for (window, windowapp);
/* Ask the window manager/compositor to present the window. */
gtk_window_present (window);
}还有些内容写在下篇笔记中