[C++]类和对象，explicit,static,友元，构造函数——喵喵要吃C嘎嘎4

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前言

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再谈构造函数

构造函数体赋值

class Date
{
public:
 Date(int year, int month, int day)
 {
 _year = year;
 _month = month;
 _day = day;
 }
private:
 int _year;
 int _month;
 int _day;
};

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初始化列表

class Date
{
public:
Date(int year, int month, int day)
 : _year(year)
 , _month(month)
 , _day(day)
 {}
 
private:
 int _year;
 int _month;
 int _day;
};

class A
{
public:
 A(int a)
 :_a(a)
 {}
private:
 int _a;
};
class B
{
public:
 B(int a, int ref)
 :_aobj(a)
 ,_ref(ref)
 ,_n(10)
 {}
private:
 A _aobj; // 没有默认构造函数
 int& _ref; // 引用
 const int _n

class Time
{
public:
Time(int hour = 0)
 :_hour(hour)
 {
 cout << "Time()" << endl;
 }
private:
 int _hour;
};
class Date
{
public:
 Date(int day)
 {}
private:
 int _day;
 Time _t;
};
int main()
{
 Date d(1);
}

class A
{
public:
 A(int a)
 :_a1(a)
 ,_a2(_a1)
 {}
 
 void Print() {
 cout<<_a1<<" "<<_a2<<endl;
 }
private:
 int _a2;
 int _a1;
};
int main() {
 A aa(1);
 aa.Print();
}

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explicit关键字

class Date
{
public:
 // 1. 单参构造函数，没有使用explicit修饰，具有类型转换作用
 // explicit修饰构造函数，禁止类型转换---explicit去掉之后，代码可以通过编译
 explicit Date(int year)
 :_year(year)
 {}
 /*
 // 2. 虽然有多个参数，但是创建对象时后两个参数可以不传递，没有使用explicit修饰，具有类型转
换作用
 // explicit修饰构造函数，禁止类型转换
 explicit Date(int year, int month = 1, int day = 1)
 : _year(year)
 , _month(month)
 , _day(day)
 {}
 */
 Date& operator=(const Date& d)
 {
 if (this != &d)
 {
 _year = d._year;
 _month = d._month;
 _day = d._day;
 }
 return *this;
 }
private:
 int _year;
 int _month;
 int _day;
};
void Test()
{
 Date d1(2022);
 // 用一个整形变量给日期类型对象赋值
 // 实际编译器背后会用2023构造一个无名对象，最后用无名对象给d1对象进行赋值
 d1 = 2023;
 // 将1屏蔽掉，2放开时则编译失败，因为explicit修饰构造函数，禁止了单参构造函数类型转换的作用
}

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static成员

class A
{
public:
 A() { ++_scount; }
 A(const A& t) { ++_scount; }
 ~A() { --_scount; }
 static int GetACount() { return _scount; }
private:
 static int _scount;
};
int A::_scount = 0;
void TestA()
{
 cout << A::GetACount() << endl;
 A a1, a2;
 A a3(a1);
 cout << A::GetACount() << endl;
}

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友元

友元函数

class Date
{
public:
 Date(int year, int month, int day)
 : _year(year)
 , _month(month)
 , _day(day)
 {}
 // d1 << cout; -> d1.operator<<(&d1, cout); 不符合常规调用
 // 因为成员函数第一个参数一定是隐藏的this，所以d1必须放在<<的左侧
 ostream& operator<<(ostream& _cout)
 {
 _cout << _year << "-" << _month << "-" << _day << endl;
 return _cout;
 }
private:
 int _year;
 int _month;
 int _day;
};

class Date
{
 friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& _cout, const Date& d);
 friend istream& operator>>(istream& _cin, Date& d);
public:
 Date(int year = 1900, int month = 1, int day = 1)
 : _year(year)
 , _month(month)
 , _day(day)
 {}
private:
 int _year;
 int _month;
int _day;
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream& _cout, const Date& d)
{
 _cout << d._year << "-" << d._month << "-" << d._day;
 return _cout;
}
istream& operator>>(istream& _cin, Date& d)
{
 _cin >> d._year;
 _cin >> d._month;
 _cin >> d._day;
 return _cin;
}
int main()
{
 Date d;
 cin >> d;
 cout << d << endl;
 return 0;
}

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友元类

class Time
{
 friend class Date; // 声明日期类为时间类的友元类，则在日期类中就直接访问Time类中的私有成
员变量
public:
 Time(int hour = 0, int minute = 0, int second = 0)
 : _hour(hour)
, _minute(minute)
 , _second(second)
 {}
 
private:
 int _hour;
 int _minute;
 int _second;
};
class Date
{
public:
 Date(int year = 1900, int month = 1, int day = 1)
 : _year(year)
 , _month(month)
 , _day(day)
 {}
 
 void SetTimeOfDate(int hour, int minute, int second)
 {
 // 直接访问时间类私有的成员变量
 _t._hour = hour;
 _t._minute = minute;
 _t._second = second;
 }
 
private:
 int _year;
 int _month;
 int _day;
 Time _t;
};

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内部类

class A
{
private:
static int k;
 int h;
public:
 class B // B天生就是A的友元
 {
 public:
 void foo(const A& a)
 {
 cout << k << endl;//OK
 cout << a.h << endl;//OK
 }
 };
};
int A::k = 1;
int main()
{
 A::B b;
 b.foo(A());
 
 return 0;
}

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 再次理解类和对象

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总结

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