在python中通过ctypes可以直接调用c的函数,非常简单易用
下面就一步一步解释用法吧,以Linux为例讲解。
1, 首先确定你的python支持不支持ctypes
python2.7以后ctypes已经是标配了,2.4以后的版本得自己装下ctypes
2,加载动态库
两种加载方式
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> libc = cdll . LoadLibrary ( "libc.so.6" )
>>> libc.printf("%d",2)
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> libc = CDLL ( "libc.so.6" )
>>> libc.printf("%d",2)
3, 调用系统函数
上面的例子已经调用了系统函数printf,这里再给几个其他例子
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> libc = CDLL ( "libc.so.6" )
>>> print libc . time ( None )
1308019893
>>> print libc.atoi("234")
234
4,ctypes 数据类型和 C数据类型 对照表
c_bool | _Bool | bool (1) |
c_char | char | 1-character string |
c_wchar | wchar_t | 1-character unicode string |
c_byte | char | int/long |
c_ubyte | unsigned char | int/long |
c_short | short | int/long |
c_ushort | unsigned short | int/long |
c_int | int | int/long |
c_uint | unsigned int | int/long |
c_long | long | int/long |
c_ulong | unsigned long | int/long |
c_longlong | __int64 or long long | int/long |
c_ulonglong | unsigned __int64 or unsigned long long | int/long |
c_float | float | float |
c_double | double | float |
c_longdouble | long double | float |
c_char_p | char * (NUL terminated) | string or None |
c_wchar_p | wchar_t * (NUL terminated) | unicode or None |
c_void_p | void * | int/long or None |
这些数据都可以用一个默认值进行创建
>>> c_int()
c_long(0)
>>> c_char_p("Hello, World")
c_char_p('Hello, World')
>>> c_ushort(-3)
c_ushort(65533)
>>>
这些数据也可以被改变:
>>> i = c_int(42)
>>> print i
c_long(42)
>>> print i.value
42
>>> i.value = -99
>>> print i.value
-99
>>>
赋值给 c_char_p,c_wchar_p,c_void_p
只改变他们指向的内存地址,而不是改变内存的内容
>>> s = "Hello, World"
>>> c_s = c_char_p(s)
>>> print c_s
c_char_p('Hello, World')
>>> c_s.value = "Hi, there"
>>> print c_s
c_char_p('Hi, there')
>>> print s # first string is unchanged
Hello, World
>>>
如果需要可改变内容的字符串,需要使用 create_string_buffer()
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> p = create_string_buffer(3) # create a 3 byte buffer, initialized to NUL bytes
>>> print sizeof(p), repr(p.raw)
3 '/x00/x00/x00'
>>> p = create_string_buffer("Hello") # create a buffer containing a NUL terminated string
>>> print sizeof(p), repr(p.raw)
6 'Hello/x00'
>>> print repr(p.value)
'Hello'
>>> p = create_string_buffer("Hello", 10) # create a 10 byte buffer
>>> print sizeof(p), repr(p.raw)
10 'Hello/x00/x00/x00/x00/x00'
>>> p.value = "Hi"
>>> print sizeof(p), repr(p.raw)
10 'Hi/x00lo/x00/x00/x00/x00/x00'
>>>
5,函数返回类型
函数默认返回 C int 类型,如果需要返回其他类型,需要设置函数的 restype 属性
>>> strchr = libc.strchr
>>> strchr("abcdef", ord("d")) # doctest: +SKIP
8059983
>>> strchr.restype = c_char_p # c_char_p is a pointer to a string
>>> strchr("abcdef", ord("d"))
'def'
>>> print strchr("abcdef", ord("x"))
None
>>>
6,传递指针或者引用
很多情况下 C 函数需要传递指针或者引用,ctypes也完美的支持这一点
byref() 用来传递引用参数,pointer() 函数也可以完成同样的工作,但pointer()会创建一个实际的指针对象,如果你不需要一个指针对象,
用byref()会快很多
>>> i = c_int()
>>> f = c_float()
>>> s = create_string_buffer('/000' * 32)
>>> print i.value, f.value, repr(s.value)
0 0.0 ''
>>> libc.sscanf("1 3.14 Hello", "%d %f %s",... byref(i), byref(f), s)
3
>>> print i.value, f.value, repr(s.value)
1 3.1400001049 'Hello'
>>>
7,结构体和联合
结构体和联合必须从 Structure 和 Union 继承,子类必须定义
_fields_ 属性,_fields_ 属性必须是一个2元组的列表,
包括一个field名字和field的类型
field类型 必须是一个ctypes的类型例如 c_int, 或者其他继承自ctypes的类型,结构体,联合,数组,指针。
下面的例子演示一个 POINT结构体,包括 field X,Y
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> class POINT(Structure):.
_fields_ = [("x", c_int),
("y", c_int)]
>>> point = POINT(10, 20)
>>> print point.x, point.y
10 20
>>> point = POINT(y=5)
>>> print point.x, point.y
0 5
>>> POINT(1, 2, 3)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1
, in ?
ValueError
: too many initializers
>>>
一个复杂点的例子,field类型也是一个结构体
>>> class RECT(Structure):
... _fields_ = [("upperleft", POINT),
... ("lowerright", POINT)]
...
>>> rc = RECT(point)
>>> print rc.upperleft.x, rc.upperleft.y
0 5
>>> print rc.lowerright.x, rc.lowerright.y
0 0
>>>
多种方式进行初始化
>>> r = RECT(POINT(1, 2), POINT(3, 4))
>>> r = RECT((1, 2), (3, 4))
8,数组
数组定义很简单
定义一个有10个POINT元素的数组
TenPointsArrayType = POINT * 10
初始化和使用数组:
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> TenIntegers = c_int * 10
>>> ii = TenIntegers(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)
>>> print ii
<c_long_Array_10 object at 0x...>
>>> for i in ii: print i,
...
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
>>>
9,指针
pointer() 函数可以创建一个指针
Pointer实例有一个 contents属性 返回指针指向的对象
>>> from ctypes import *
>>> i = c_int(42)
>>> pi = pointer(i)
>>> pi.contents
c_long(42)
可以改变指针指向的内容
>>> i = c_int(99)
>>> pi.contents = i
>>> pi.contents
c_long(99)
>>>
可以按数组方式访问:
>>> pi[0]
99
>>>
按数组方式改变值
>>> print i
c_long(99)
>>> pi[0] = 22
>>> print i
c_long(22)
>>>
以上都是ctypes的基本用法,对普通的开发人员来说,基本够用了
更详细的说明请参考:http://docs.python.org/library/ctypes.html