问题描述
说％edi包含x，而我想仅使用2个连续的Leal指令以37 * x结尾，我将如何处理?
Say %edi contains x and I want to end up with 37*x using only 2 consecutive leal instructions, how would I go about this?
例如，要获得45倍，您就可以做到
For example to get 45x you would do
leal (%edi, %edi, 8), %edi
leal (%edi, %edi, 4), %eax (to be returned)
我一生都无法找出要代替8和4的数字，以使结果(％eax)为37x
I cannot for the life of me figure out what numbers to put in place of the 8 and 4 so that the result (%eax) will be 37x
推荐答案
At -O3, gcc will emit (Godbolt compiler explorer):
int mul37(int a) { return a*37; }
leal (%rdi,%rdi,8), %eax # eax = a * 9
leal (%rdi,%rax,4), %eax # eax = a + 4*(a*9)
ret
正在使用37 = 9*4 + 1，不破坏第一个lea的原始a值，因此它可以在第二个中同时使用.
That's using 37 = 9*4 + 1, not destroying the original a value with the first lea so it can use both in the 2nd.
尽管您没有发现这个错误，但是您很乐于助人:最近的clang(3.8及更高版本)通常会使用2个lea指令而不是imul指令(例如，对于*15)，但是会漏掉此指令一种并使用:
You're in good company in not spotting this one, though: recent clang (3.8 and newer) will normally use 2 lea instructions instead of an imul (e.g. for *15), but it misses this one and uses:
imull $37, %edi, %eax
ret
它确实以与5*4 + 1相同的方式使用了gcc使用的*21模式. (clang3.6及更早版本始终使用imul，除非有单指令替代shl或lea)
It does do *21 with the same pattern as gcc uses, as 5*4 + 1. (clang3.6 and earlier always used imul unless there was a single-instruction alternative shl or lea)
ICC和MSVC也使用imul，但是它们似乎不喜欢使用2条lea指令，因此imul在这里是故意的".
ICC and MSVC also use imul, but they don't seem to like using 2 lea instructions, so the imul is "on purpose" there.
有关gcc7.2与clang5.0的各种乘数，请参见godbolt链接.尝试gcc -m32 -mtune=pentium或什至pentium3来查看gcc当时想要使用多少条指令，这很有趣.尽管P2/P3对于imul r, r, i具有4个周期的延迟，所以还是有点疯狂.奔腾具有9个周期imul，并且没有OOO来隐藏延迟，因此尽力避免出现延迟是很有意义的.
See the godbolt link for a variety of multipliers with gcc7.2 vs. clang5.0. It's interesting to try gcc -m32 -mtune=pentium or even pentium3 to see how many more instructions gcc was wiling to use back then. Although P2/P3 has 4-cycle latency for imul r, r, i, so that's kinda crazy. Pentium has 9 cycle imul and no OOO to hide the latency, so it makes sense to try hard to avoid it.
mtune=silvermont应该只愿意用一条指令替换32位imul，因为它具有3周期延迟/1c吞吐量倍增，但是解码通常是瓶颈(根据Agner Fog， http://agner.org/optimize/).您甚至可以考虑使用imul $64, %edi, %eax(或2的其他幂)来代替mov/shl，因为imul-immediate是一个复制乘积.
mtune=silvermont should probably only be willing to replace 32-bit imul with a single instruction, because it has 3-cycle latency / 1c throughput multiply, but decode is often the bottleneck (according to Agner Fog, http://agner.org/optimize/). You could even consider imul $64, %edi, %eax (or other powers of 2) instead of mov/shl, because imul-immediate is a copy-and-multiply.
具有讽刺意味的是，gcc错过了* 45的情况，并使用了imul，而clang使用了2个lea.猜猜是时候提交一些缺少优化的错误报告了. 如果 2个LEA优于1个IMUL，则应尽可能使用它们.
Ironically, gcc misses the * 45 case, and uses imul, while clang uses 2 leas. Guess it's time to file some missed-optimization bug reports. If 2 LEAs are better than 1 IMUL, they should be used wherever possible.
较旧的clang(3.7及更高版本)将使用imul，除非单个lea可以解决问题.我还没有查看变更日志，看看他们是否做了基准测试来决定支持延迟而不是吞吐量.
Older clang (3.7 and older) uses imul unless a single lea will do the trick. I haven't looked up the changelog to see if they did benchmarks to decide to favour latency over throughput.
相关:在未使用"的值上使用LEA关于地址/指针?关于LEA为什么使用内存操作数语法和机器编码的标准答案，即使它是shift + add指令(并且在大多数现代微体系结构中都在ALU而非AGU上运行)
Related: Using LEA on values that aren't addresses / pointers? canonical answer about why LEA uses memory-operand syntax and machine encoding, even though it's a shift+add instruction (and runs on an ALU, not AGU, in most modern microarchitectures.)
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