word2vec介绍
word2vec官网：https://code.google.com/p/word2vec/
- word2vec是google的一个开源工具，能够根据输入的词的集合计算出词与词之间的距离。
- 它将term转换成向量形式，可以把对文本内容的处理简化为向量空间中的向量运算，计算出向量空间上的相似度，来表示文本语义上的相似度。
- word2vec计算的是余弦值，距离范围为0-1之间，值越大代表两个词关联度越高。
- 词向量：用Distributed Representation表示词，通常也被称为“Word Representation”或“Word Embedding（嵌入）”。
使用
运行和测试同样需要text8、questions-words.txt文件，语料下载地址：http://mattmahoney.net/dc/text8.zip
该语料编码格式UTF-8，存储为一行，语料训练信息：training on 85026035 raw words (62529137 effective words) took 197.4s, 316692 effective words/s
word2vec使用参数解释
-train 训练数据
-output 结果输入文件，即每个词的向量
-cbow 是否使用cbow模型，0表示使用skip-gram模型，1表示使用cbow模型，默认情况下是skip-gram模型，cbow模型快一些，skip-gram模型效果好一些
-size 表示输出的词向量维数
-window 为训练的窗口大小，8表示每个词考虑前8个词与后8个词（实际代码中还有一个随机选窗口的过程，窗口大小<=5)
-negative 表示是否使用NEG方，0表示不使用，其它的值目前还不是很清楚
-hs 是否使用HS方法，0表示不使用，1表示使用
-sample 表示 采样的阈值，如果一个词在训练样本中出现的频率越大，那么就越会被采样
-binary 表示输出的结果文件是否采用二进制存储，0表示不使用（即普通的文本存储，可以打开查看），1表示使用，即vectors.bin的存储类型
-alpha 表示 学习速率
-min-count 表示设置最低频率，默认为5，如果一个词语在文档中出现的次数小于该阈值，那么该词就会被舍弃
-classes 表示词聚类簇的个数，从相关源码中可以得出该聚类是采用k-means
代码——
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- """
功能：测试gensim使用
时间：2016年5月2日 18:00:00
""" from gensim.models import word2vec
import logging # 主程序
logging.basicConfig(format='%(asctime)s : %(levelname)s : %(message)s', level=logging.INFO)
sentences = word2vec.Text8Corpus("data/text8") # 加载语料
model = word2vec.Word2Vec(sentences, size=200) # 训练skip-gram模型; 默认window=5 # 计算两个词的相似度/相关程度
y1 = model.similarity("woman", "man")
print u"woman和man的相似度为：", y1
print "--------\n" # 计算某个词的相关词列表
y2 = model.most_similar("good", topn=20) # 20个最相关的
print u"和good最相关的词有：\n"
for item in y2:
print item[0], item[1]
print "--------\n" # 寻找对应关系
print ' "boy" is to "father" as "girl" is to ...? \n'
y3 = model.most_similar(['girl', 'father'], ['boy'], topn=3)
for item in y3:
print item[0], item[1]
print "--------\n" more_examples = ["he his she", "big bigger bad", "going went being"]
for example in more_examples:
a, b, x = example.split()
predicted = model.most_similar([x, b], [a])[0][0]
print "'%s' is to '%s' as '%s' is to '%s'" % (a, b, x, predicted)
print "--------\n" # 寻找不合群的词
y4 = model.doesnt_match("breakfast cereal dinner lunch".split())
print u"不合群的词：", y4
print "--------\n" # 保存模型，以便重用
model.save("text8.model")
# 对应的加载方式
# model_2 = word2vec.Word2Vec.load("text8.model") # 以一种C语言可以解析的形式存储词向量
model.save_word2vec_format("text8.model.bin", binary=True)
# 对应的加载方式
# model_3 = word2vec.Word2Vec.load_word2vec_format("text8.model.bin", binary=True) if __name__ == "__main__":
pass
Ubuntu16.04系统下运行结果
2016-5-2 18:56:19,332 : INFO : collecting all words and their counts
2016-5-2 18:56:19,334 : INFO : PROGRESS: at sentence #0, processed 0 words, keeping 0 word types
2016-5-2 18:56:27,431 : INFO : collected 253854 word types from a corpus of 17005207 raw words and 1701 sentences
2016-5-2 18:56:27,740 : INFO : min_count=5 retains 71290 unique words (drops 182564)
2016-5-2 18:56:27,740 : INFO : min_count leaves 16718844 word corpus (98% of original 17005207)
2016-5-2 18:56:27,914 : INFO : deleting the raw counts dictionary of 253854 items
2016-5-2 18:56:27,947 : INFO : sample=0.001 downsamples 38 most-common words
2016-5-2 18:56:27,947 : INFO : downsampling leaves estimated 12506280 word corpus (74.8% of prior 16718844)
2016-5-2 18:56:27,947 : INFO : estimated required memory for 71290 words and 200 dimensions: 149709000 bytes
2016-5-2 18:56:28,176 : INFO : resetting layer weights
2016-5-2 18:56:29,074 : INFO : training model with 3 workers on 71290 vocabulary and 200 features, using sg=0 hs=0 sample=0.001 negative=5
2016-5-2 18:56:29,074 : INFO : expecting 1701 sentences, matching count from corpus used for vocabulary survey
2016-5-2 18:56:30,086 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 0.86% examples, 531932 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2016-5-2 18:56:31,088 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 1.72% examples, 528872 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
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2016-5-2 18:58:19,967 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 96.40% examples, 543702 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2016-5-2 18:58:20,974 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 97.26% examples, 543612 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2016-5-2 18:58:21,978 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 98.17% examples, 543801 words/s, in_qsize 5, out_qsize 0
2016-5-2 18:58:22,994 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.07% examples, 543908 words/s, in_qsize 4, out_qsize 2
2016-5-2 18:58:23,989 : INFO : PROGRESS: at 99.91% examples, 543692 words/s, in_qsize 6, out_qsize 0
2016-5-2 18:58:24,067 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 2 more threads
2016-5-2 18:58:24,083 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 1 more threads
2016-5-2 18:58:24,086 : INFO : worker thread finished; awaiting finish of 0 more threads
2016-5-2 18:58:24,086 : INFO : training on 85026035 raw words (62534095 effective words) took 115.0s, 543725 effective words/s
2016-5-2 18:58:24,086 : INFO : precomputing L2-norms of word weight vectors
<span style="color:#FF0000;">woman和man的相似度为： 0.699695936218
--------
和good最相关的词有： bad 0.721469461918
poor 0.567566931248
safe 0.534923613071
luck 0.518905758858
courage 0.510788619518
useful 0.498157411814
quick 0.497716665268
easy 0.497328162193
everyone 0.485905945301
pleasure 0.483758479357
true 0.482762247324
simple 0.480014979839
practical 0.479516804218
fair 0.479104012251
happy 0.476968646049
wrong 0.476797521114
reasonable 0.476701617241
you 0.475801795721
fun 0.472196519375
helpful 0.471719056368
-------- "boy" is to "father" as "girl" is to ...? mother 0.76334130764
grandmother 0.690031766891
daughter 0.684129178524
-------- 'he' is to 'his' as 'she' is to 'her'
'big' is to 'bigger' as 'bad' is to 'worse'
'going' is to 'went' as 'being' is to 'was'
-------- 不合群的词： cereal
--------</span> 2016-5-2 18:58:24,185 : INFO : saving Word2Vec object under text8.model, separately None
2016-5-2 18:58:24,185 : INFO : storing numpy array 'syn1neg' to text8.model.syn1neg.npy
2016-5-2 18:58:24,235 : INFO : not storing attribute syn0norm
2016-5-2 18:58:24,235 : INFO : storing numpy array 'syn0' to text8.model.syn0.npy
2016-5-2 18:58:24,278 : INFO : not storing attribute cum_table
2016-5-2 18:58:25,083 : INFO : storing 71290x200 projection weights into text8.model.bin
常用语料资源
下面提供一些网上能下载到的中文的好语料，供研究人员学习使用。
(1).中科院自动化所的中英文新闻语料库 http://www.datatang.com/data/13484
中文新闻分类语料库从凤凰、新浪、网易、腾讯等版面搜集。英语新闻分类语料库为Reuters-21578的ModApte版本。
(2).搜狗的中文新闻语料库 http://www.sogou.com/labs/dl/c.html
包括搜狐的大量新闻语料与对应的分类信息。有不同大小的版本可以下载。
(3).李荣陆老师的中文语料库 http://www.datatang.com/data/11968
压缩后有240M大小
(4).谭松波老师的中文文本分类语料 http://www.datatang.com/data/11970
不仅包含大的分类，例如经济、运动等等，每个大类下面还包含具体的小类，例如运动包含篮球、足球等等。能够作为层次分类的语料库，非常实用。这个网址免积分(谭松波老师的主页)：http://www.searchforum.org.cn/tansongbo/corpus1.PHP
(5).网易分类文本数据 http://www.datatang.com/data/11965
包含运动、汽车等六大类的4000条文本数据。
(6).中文文本分类语料 http://www.datatang.com/data/11963
包含Arts、Literature等类别的语料文本。
(7).更全的搜狗文本分类语料 http://www.sogou.com/labs/dl/c.html
搜狗实验室发布的文本分类语料，有不同大小的数据版本供免费下载
(8).2002年中文网页分类训练集 http://www.datatang.com/data/15021
2002年秋天北京大学网络与分布式实验室天网小组通过动员不同专业的几十个学生，人工选取形成了一个全新的基于层次模型的大规模中文网页样本集。它包括11678个训练网页实例和3630个测试网页实例，分布在11个大类别中。
常用分词工具
将预料库进行分词并去掉停用词，常用分词工具有：
StandardAnalyzer（中英文）、ChineseAnalyzer（中文）、CJKAnalyzer（中英文）、IKAnalyzer（中英文，兼容韩文，日文）、paoding（中文）、MMAnalyzer（中英文）、MMSeg4j（中英文）、imdict（中英文）、NLTK（中英文）、Jieba（中英文）。
提供一份DEMO语料资源
原始语料 http://pan.baidu.com/s/1nviuFc1
训练语料 http://pan.baidu.com/s/1kVEmNTd