一.介绍
约束条件与数据类型的宽度意义,都是可选参数.
作用:用于保证数据的完整性和一致性.
主要分为:
PRIMARY KEY (PK) 标识该字段为该表的主键，可以唯一的标识记录
FOREIGN KEY (FK) 标识该字段为该表的外键
NOT NULL 标识该字段不能为空
UNIQUE KEY (UK) 标识该字段的值是唯一的
AUTO_INCREMENT 标识该字段的值自动增长（整数类型，而且为主键）
DEFAULT 为该字段设置默认值 UNSIGNED 无符号
ZEROFILL 使用0填充
二.not null与default
not null 指的时字段的值不可为空,null表示空
default 默认值,创建列时可以指定默认值,当插入数据时如果未主动设置,则自动添加默认值
==================not null====================
mysql> create table t1(id int); #id字段默认可以插入空
mysql> desc t1;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t1 values(); #可以插入空 mysql> create table t2(id int not null); #设置字段id不为空
mysql> desc t2;
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
mysql> insert into t2 values(); #不能插入空
ERROR 1364 (HY000): Field 'id' doesn't have a default value ==================default====================
#设置id字段有默认值后，则无论id字段是null还是not null，都可以插入空，插入空默认填入default指定的默认值
mysql> create table t3(id int default 1);
mysql> alter table t3 modify id int not null default 1; ==================综合练习====================
mysql> create table student(
-> name varchar(20) not null,
-> age int(3) unsigned not null default 18,
-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male',
-> hobby set('play','study','read','music') default 'play,music'
-> );
mysql> desc student;
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
| name | varchar(20) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | int(3) unsigned | NO | | 18 | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | |
| hobby | set('play','study','read','music') | YES | | play,music | |
+-------+------------------------------------+------+-----+------------+-------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
mysql> select * from student;
+------+-----+------+------------+
| name | age | sex | hobby |
+------+-----+------+------------+
| egon | 18 | male | play,music |
+------+-----+------+------------+
三.unique
unique 唯一约束 指该字段的值不能重复
============设置唯一约束 UNIQUE===============
方法一：
create table department1(
id int,
name varchar(20) unique,
comment varchar(100)
); 方法二：
create table department2(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint uk_name unique(name)
); mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into department1 values(1,'IT','技术');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry 'IT' for key 'name'
使用方法
create table service(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
host varchar(15) not null,
port int not null,
unique(host,port) #联合唯一
); mysql> insert into service values
-> (1,'nginx','192.168.0.10',80),
-> (2,'haproxy','192.168.0.20',80),
-> (3,'mysql','192.168.0.30',3306)
-> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service(name,host,port) values('nginx','192.168.0.10',80);
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '192.168.0.10-80' for key 'host'
联合唯一
四.primary key
primary key称为主键约束,用于唯一标识表中的一条记录.
从约束角度看primary key字段的值不为空且唯一,那直接制用not null+unique不就可以了嘛,要它干什么?
主键primary key时innodb存储引擎组织数据的依据,innodb称为索引组织表,一张表中必须有且只有一个主键.
一个表可以有单列做主键和多列做主键
============单列做主键===============
#方法一：not null+unique
create table department1(
id int not null unique, #主键
name varchar(20) not null unique,
comment varchar(100)
); mysql> desc department1;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | NO | UNI | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec) #方法二：在某一个字段后用primary key
create table department2(
id int primary key, #主键
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100)
); mysql> desc department2;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec) #方法三：在所有字段后单独定义primary key
create table department3(
id int,
name varchar(20),
comment varchar(100),
constraint pk_name primary key(id); #创建主键并为其命名pk_name mysql> desc department3;
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| comment | varchar(100) | YES | | NULL | |
+---------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.01 sec)
单列主键
==================多列做主键================
create table service(
ip varchar(15),
port char(5),
service_name varchar(10) not null,
primary key(ip,port)
); mysql> desc service;
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| ip | varchar(15) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| port | char(5) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| service_name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into service values
-> ('172.16.45.10','','mysqld'),
-> ('172.16.45.11','','mariadb')
-> ;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 2 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into service values ('172.16.45.10','','nginx');
ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '172.16.45.10-3306' for key 'PRIMARY'
多列主键
五.auto_increment
约束字段为自动增长,被约束的字段必须同时被key约束
#不指定id，则自动增长
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
); mysql> desc student;
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| sex | enum('male','female') | YES | | male | |
+-------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
mysql> insert into student(name) values
-> ('egon'),
-> ('alex')
-> ; mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | egon | male |
| 2 | alex | male |
+----+------+------+ #也可以指定id
mysql> insert into student values(4,'asb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student values(7,'wsb','female');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+--------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+--------+
| 1 | egon | male |
| 2 | alex | male |
| 4 | asb | female |
| 7 | wsb | female |
+----+------+--------+ #对于自增的字段，在用delete删除后，再插入值，该字段仍按照删除前的位置继续增长
mysql> delete from student;
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from student;
Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('ysb');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 8 | ysb | male |
+----+------+------+ #应该用truncate清空表，比起delete一条一条地删除记录，truncate是直接清空表，在删除大表时用它
mysql> truncate student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec)
#在创建完表后，修改自增字段的起始值
mysql> create table student(
-> id int primary key auto_increment,
-> name varchar(20),
-> sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
-> ); mysql> alter table student auto_increment=3; mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon');
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+------+------+
| 3 | egon | male |
+----+------+------+
row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table student;
.......
ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 #也可以创建表时指定auto_increment的初始值，注意初始值的设置为表选项，应该放到括号外
create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
)auto_increment=3; #设置步长
sqlserver：自增步长
基于表级别
create table t1（
id int。。。
）engine=innodb,auto_increment=2 步长=2 default charset=utf8 mysql自增的步长：
show session variables like 'auto_inc%'; #基于会话级别
set session auth_increment_increment=2 #修改会话级别的步长 #基于全局级别的
set global auth_increment_increment=2 #修改全局级别的步长（所有会话都生效） #！！！注意了注意了注意了！！！
If the value of auto_increment_offset is greater than that of auto_increment_increment, the value of auto_increment_offset is ignored.
翻译：如果auto_increment_offset的值大于auto_increment_increment的值，则auto_increment_offset的值会被忽略 ，这相当于第一步步子就迈大了，扯着了蛋
比如：设置auto_increment_offset=3，auto_increment_increment=2 mysql> set global auto_increment_increment=5;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> set global auto_increment_offset=3;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show variables like 'auto_incre%'; #需要退出重新登录
+--------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+-------+
| auto_increment_increment | 1 |
| auto_increment_offset | 1 |
+--------------------------+-------+ create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum('male','female') default 'male'
); mysql> insert into student(name) values('egon1'),('egon2'),('egon3');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name | sex |
+----+-------+------+
| 3 | egon1 | male |
| 8 | egon2 | male |
| 13 | egon3 | male |
+----+-------+------+
步长:auto_increment_increment,起始偏移量:auto_increment_offset
六.foreign key
如何找出两张表之间的关系
分析步骤：
#1、先站在左表的角度去找
是否左表的多条记录可以对应右表的一条记录，如果是，则证明左表的一个字段foreign key 右表一个字段（通常是id） #2、再站在右表的角度去找
是否右表的多条记录可以对应左表的一条记录，如果是，则证明右表的一个字段foreign key 左表一个字段（通常是id） #3、总结：
#多对一：
如果只有步骤1成立，则是左表多对一右表
如果只有步骤2成立，则是右表多对一左表 #多对多
如果步骤1和2同时成立，则证明这两张表时一个双向的多对一，即多对多,需要定义一个这两张表的关系表来专门存放二者的关系 #一对一:
如果1和2都不成立，而是左表的一条记录唯一对应右表的一条记录，反之亦然。这种情况很简单，就是在左表foreign key右表的基础上，将左表的外键字段设置成unique即可
建立表之间的关系
#一对多或称为多对一
三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 一对多（或多对一）：一个出版社可以出版多本书 关联方式：foreign key
=====================多对一=====================
create table press(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
); create table book(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
press_id int not null,
foreign key(press_id) references press(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade
); insert into press(name) values
('北京工业地雷出版社'),
('人民音乐不好听出版社'),
('知识产权没有用出版社')
; insert into book(name,press_id) values
('九阳神功',1),
('九阴真经',2),
('九阴白骨爪',2),
('独孤九剑',3),
('降龙十巴掌',2),
('葵花宝典',3)
;
#多对多
三张表：出版社，作者信息，书 多对多：一个作者可以写多本书，一本书也可以有多个作者，双向的一对多，即多对多
关联方式：foreign key+一张新的表
=====================多对多=====================
create table author(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20)
); #这张表就存放作者表与书表的关系，即查询二者的关系查这表就可以了
create table author2book(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
author_id int not null,
book_id int not null,
constraint fk_author foreign key(author_id) references author(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
constraint fk_book foreign key(book_id) references book(id)
on delete cascade
on update cascade,
primary key(author_id,book_id)
); #插入四个作者，id依次排开
insert into author(name) values('egon'),('alex'),('yuanhao'),('wpq'); #每个作者与自己的代表作如下
egon:
九阳神功
九阴真经
九阴白骨爪
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
alex:
九阳神功
葵花宝典
yuanhao:
独孤九剑
降龙十巴掌
葵花宝典
wpq:
九阳神功 insert into author2book(author_id,book_id) values
(1,1),
(1,2),
(1,3),
(1,4),
(1,5),
(1,6),
(2,1),
(2,6),
(3,4),
(3,5),
(3,6),
(4,1)
;
#一对一
两张表：学生表和客户表 一对一：一个学生是一个客户，一个客户有可能变成一个学校，即一对一的关系 关联方式：foreign key+unique
#一定是student来foreign key表customer，这样就保证了：
#1 学生一定是一个客户，
#2 客户不一定是学生，但有可能成为一个学生 create table customer(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
qq varchar(10) not null,
phone char(16) not null
); create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
class_name varchar(20) not null,
customer_id int unique, #该字段一定要是唯一的
foreign key(customer_id) references customer(id) #外键的字段一定要保证unique
on delete cascade
on update cascade
); #增加客户
insert into customer(name,qq,phone) values
('李飞机','',13811341220),
('王大炮','',15213146809),
('守榴弹','',1867141331),
('吴坦克','',1851143312),
('赢火箭','',1861243314),
('战地雷','',18811431230)
; #增加学生
insert into student(class_name,customer_id) values
('脱产3班',3),
('周末19期',4),
('周末19期',5)
;
级联操作
指的是就是同步更新和删除
语法:在创建外键时 在后面添加 on update cascade 同步更新
on delete cascade 同步删除
实例:
create table class(id int primary key auto_increment,name char(10)); create table student(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name char(10),
c_id int,
foreign key(c_id) references class(id)
on update cascade
on delete cascade
); insert into class value(null,"python3期");
insert into student value(null,"罗傲宇",1);
对主表的id进行更新
以及删除某条主表记录 来验证效果