代码示例中的Gmail API错误-需要一个类似字节的对象，而不是'str'

问题描述

我正在将Gmail API集成到我正在制作的程序中，但遇到一个错误，我无法解决/我无法找到在线答案.下面是相关代码以及错误:

I'm incorporating the Gmail API into a program that I'm making, and I'm getting an error that I haven't been able to resolve/that I haven't been able to find an answer to online. The relevant code is below, as well as the error:

from apiclient import discovery
from httplib2 import Http
from oauth2client import file, client, tools
import base64
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
import mimetypes
import os

def create_message(sender, to, subject, message_text):

    message = MIMEText(message_text)
    message['to'] = to
    message['from'] = sender
    message['subject'] = subject

    return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())}

def send_message(service, user_id, message):

    message = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message).execute())
    print('Message Id: %s' % message['id'])
    return message

def send_email(orders):
    SCOPES = 'https://mail.google.com/'
    store = file.Storage('gmail.json')
    creds = store.get()
    if not creds or creds.invalid:
        flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets('client_secret.json', SCOPES)
        creds = tools.run_flow(flow, store)
    service = discovery.build('gmail','v1',http=creds.authorize(Http()))

    message_text = orders[0]

    created_message = create_message('from','to','subject', message_text)
    send_message(service, 'from', created_message)
send_email(['TEST'])


Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "test_email.py", line 50, in <module>
    schoolPing(['TEST'])
  File "test_email.py", line 47, in schoolPing
    created_message = create_message('from','to','subject', message_text)
  File "test_email.py", line 27, in create_message
    return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())}
  File "/Users/Andre/anaconda/lib/python3.5/base64.py", line 119, in urlsafe_b64encode
    return b64encode(s).translate(_urlsafe_encode_translation)
  File "/Users/Andre/anaconda/lib/python3.5/base64.py", line 59, in b64encode
    encoded = binascii.b2a_base64(s)[:-1]
TypeError: a bytes-like object is required, not 'str'

推荐答案

找到了解决方案，替换此行:

Found a solution, replace this line:

return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())}

具有:

return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string().encode()).decode()}

通知已添加 .encode()和 .decode()方法调用.

Notice added .encode() and .decode() method calls.

首先， str 对象被编码为 bytes 对象- base64.urlsafe_b64encode 在Python 3中需要它(与 str Python 2中的对象).

First, str object is encoded to bytes object - base64.urlsafe_b64encode requires it in Python 3 (compared to str object in Python 2).

然后，必须将base64编码的 bytes 对象解码回 str .这是必需的，因为 googleapiclient 库将稍后在代码中尝试对其进行 json序列化，而对于 bytes 对象是不可能的.

Then, the base64 encoded bytes object must be decoded back to str. This is needed as googleapiclient library will attempt to json serialize it later in code and that is not possible for bytes objects.

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