问题描述
我正在尝试将代码编译成Python 3模块。当我在IDLE中选择运行模块时，它运行良好，但是当我尝试创建发行版时收到以下语法错误：
I'm trying to compile my code into a Python 3 module. It runs fine when I choose "Run module" in IDLE, but receive the following syntax error when I try to create a distribution:
File "/usr/local/lib/python3.2/dist-packages/simpletriple.py", line 9
def add(self, (sub, pred, obj)):
^
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
任何人都可以指出错误之处与语法？这是完整的代码：
Can anyone help point out what is wrong with the syntax? Here is the complete code:
import csv
class SimpleGraph:
def __init__(self):
self._spo = {}
self._pos = {}
self._osp = {}
def add(self, (sub, pred, obj)):
"""
Adds a triple to the graph.
"""
self._addToIndex(self._spo, sub, pred, obj)
self._addToIndex(self._pos, pred, obj, sub)
self._addToIndex(self._osp, obj, sub, pred)
def _addToIndex(self, index, a, b, c):
"""
Adds a triple to a specified index.
"""
if a not in index: index[a] = {b:set([c])}
else:
if b not in index[a]: index[a][b] = set([c])
else: index[a][b].add(c)
def remove(self, (sub, pred, obj)):
"""
Remove a triple pattern from the graph.
"""
triples = list(self.triples((sub, pred, obj)))
for (delSub, delPred, delObj) in triples:
self._removeFromIndex(self._spo, delSub, delPred, delObj)
self._removeFromIndex(self._pos, delPred, delObj, delSub)
self._removeFromIndex(self._osp, delObj, delSub, delPred)
def _removeFromIndex(self, index, a, b, c):
"""
Removes a triple from an index and clears up empty indermediate structures.
"""
try:
bs = index[a]
cset = bs[b]
cset.remove(c)
if len(cset) == 0: del bs[b]
if len(bs) == 0: del index[a]
# KeyErrors occur if a term was missing, which means that it wasn't a valid delete:
except KeyError:
pass
def triples(self, (sub, pred, obj)):
"""
Generator over the triple store.
Returns triples that match the given triple pattern.
"""
# check which terms are present in order to use the correct index:
try:
if sub != None:
if pred != None:
# sub pred obj
if obj != None:
if obj in self._spo[sub][pred]: yield (sub, pred, obj)
# sub pred None
else:
for retObj in self._spo[sub][pred]: yield (sub, pred, retObj)
else:
# sub None obj
if obj != None:
for retPred in self._osp[obj][sub]: yield (sub, retPred, obj)
# sub None None
else:
for retPred, objSet in self._spo[sub].items():
for retObj in objSet:
yield (sub, retPred, retObj)
else:
if pred != None:
# None pred obj
if obj != None:
for retSub in self._pos[pred][obj]:
yield (retSub, pred, obj)
# None pred None
else:
for retObj, subSet in self._pos[pred].items():
for retSub in subSet:
yield (retSub, pred, retObj)
else:
# None None obj
if obj != None:
for retSub, predSet in self._osp[obj].items():
for retPred in predSet:
yield (retSub, retPred, obj)
# None None None
else:
for retSub, predSet in self._spo.items():
for retPred, objSet in predSet.items():
for retObj in objSet:
yield (retSub, retPred, retObj)
# KeyErrors occur if a query term wasn't in the index, so we yield nothing:
except KeyError:
pass
def value(self, sub=None, pred=None, obj=None):
for retSub, retPred, retObj in self.triples((sub, pred, obj)):
if sub is None: return retSub
if pred is None: return retPred
if obj is None: return retObj
break
return None
def load(self, filename):
f = open(filename, "rb")
reader = csv.reader(f)
for sub, pred, obj in reader:
sub = unicode(sub, "UTF-8")
pred = unicode(pred, "UTF-8")
obj = unicode(obj, "UTF-8")
self.add((sub, pred, obj))
f.close()
def save(self, filename):
f = open(filename, "wb")
writer = csv.writer(f)
for sub, pred, obj in self.triples((None, None, None)):
writer.writerow([sub.encode("UTF-8"), pred.encode("UTF-8"), obj.encode("UTF-8")])
f.close()
if __name__ == "__main__":
g = SimpleGraph()
g.add(("blade_runner", "name", "Blade Runner"))
g.add(("blade_runner", "name", "Blade Runner"))
g.add(("blade_runner", "release_date", "June 25, 1982"))
g.add(("blade_runner", "directed_by", "Ridley Scott"))
print list(g.triples((None, None, None)))
print list(g.triples(("blade_runner", None, None)))
print list(g.triples(("blade_runner", "name", None)))
print list(g.triples(("blade_runner", "name", "Blade Runner")))
print list(g.triples(("blade_runner", None, "Blade Runner")))
print list(g.triples((None, "name", "Blade Runner")))
print list(g.triples((None, None, "Blade Runner")))
print list(g.triples(("foo", "name", "Blade Runner")))
print list(g.triples(("blade_runner", "foo", "Blade Runner")))
print list(g.triples(("blade_runner", "name", "foo")))
推荐答案
解释了为什么使用此功能元组参数解压缩在Python 3中已删除。它还说明了如何移植使用它们的代码。在这种情况下，您需要更改以下函数：
PEP 3113 explains why this feature, "tuple parameter unpacking", was removed in Python 3. It also explains how to port code that uses them. In this case you'd need to change a function like:
def add(self, (sub, pred, obj)):
self._addToIndex(self._spo, sub, pred, obj)
self._addToIndex(self._pos, pred, obj, sub)
self._addToIndex(self._osp, obj, sub, pred)
到将元组作为单个参数传递并手动解压缩的版本：
to a version which passes the tuple as a single parameter and unpacks it manually:
def add(self, sub_pred_obj):
sub, pred, obj = sub_pred_obj
self._addToIndex(self._spo, sub, pred, obj)
self._addToIndex(self._pos, pred, obj, sub)
self._addToIndex(self._osp, obj, sub, pred)
对于 lambda 函数，您不能使用分配来解压缩。最好的解决方案通常是不打开包装。例如，更改以下内容：
For a lambda function, you can't use assignment to unpack. The best solution there is usually to not unpack. For example, change this:
lambda (x, y): (y, x)
…到此：
lambda xy: (xy[1], xy[0])
对于复杂的函数，这可能很难看—但是对于复杂的函数，您可能仍要 def 。
For complicated functions, this can get ugly—but then for complicated functions, you probably want to def them anyway.
值得注意的是，您的代码通过，或会发现此问题在 def 和 lambda 中，并提出以下解决方案：
It's worth noting that running your code through 2to3, modernize, or futurize will find this problem in both def and lambda, and suggest exactly these solutions:
$ echo 'lambda (x,y): (y,x)' | 2to3 -
--- <stdin> (original)
+++ <stdin> (refactored)
@@ -1 +1 @@
-lambda (x,y): (y,x)
+lambda x_y: (x_y[1],x_y[0])
$ echo -e 'def foo((x,y)):\n return (y,x)\n' | 2to3 -
--- <stdin> (original)
+++ <stdin> (refactored)
@@ -1 +1 @@
-def foo((x,y)):
+def foo(xxx_todo_changeme):
+ (x,y) = xxx_todo_changeme
如果您尝试将Python 2.x代码移植到3.x（或（如果是双版本代码），而且又不懂这两种语言，则几乎可以肯定要使用其中一种工具（或包装它们的IDE插件）来提供帮助。 （尽管您可能不想按原样使用其输出。）
If you're trying to port Python 2.x code to 3.x (or to dual-version code) and don't know both languages, you almost certainly want to use one of these tools—or an IDE plugin that wraps them—to help. (Although you may not want to use its output as-is.)
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