了解HTML表单元素的行为

由于不提交数据就不会将数据发送到服务器，因此您需要使用JS发送数据.使用的技术称为AJAX(异步Javascript和Xml).这是一个简单的原始JS代码示例，该示例将数据发送到服务器并停留在当前页面上.该代码利用了 XMLHttpRequest对象.通常，将代码放置在表单的Submit事件处理程序中，如下面的示例所示.您可以在页面上的脚本中的任何位置发出请求，如果不涉及Submit事件，则无需采取默认操作.form.addEventListener('submit', e => { const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); const data = new FormData(form); e.preventDefault(); xhr.open('POST', 'action_URL'); xhr.addEventListener('load', e => { if (xhr.status === 200) { // The request was successful console.log(xhr.responseText); } else { // The request failed console.log(xhr.status); } }); xhr.send(data);});类似于表格的形式散布在整个代码中:控制元素值包含在data中(form是对现有表单元素的引用) method属性是xhr.open 的第一个参数 action属性是xhr.open 的第二个参数 enctype属性由 FormData 构造函数(默认为"multipart/form-data") AJAX和表单提交之间的区别在于，当从服务器获取对AJAX调用的响应时，JavaScript执行在xhr的load处理程序中继续进行，而不是浏览器在提交表单时加载新页面.在该load处理程序中，您可以使用作为响应发送的数据服务器来执行所需的任何操作，或者仅重定向(也可以成功超时).当您不需要通知请求成功/失败或任何响应数据时，也可以将负载处理程序置于代码之外.在现代浏览器中，您还可以使用获取API 发出AJAX请求.而且，大多数常用框架(如果不是全部)和许多库(如jQuery)对于各种基于AJAX的任务都有自己的(或多或少简化的)实现.备注由于内部提交算法中执行的任务的顺序，在调用提交事件处理程序之前先处理验证属性.如果任何验证失败，则取消该算法.这意味着，当表单验证失败时，也不执行提交事件处理程序.仅在激活Submitter元素之后才执行基于验证属性的验证，验证属性不会影响由FormData构造函数创建的对象，该对象可以随时创建，不一定需要提交事件. /p>创建FormData对象时，将忽略表单的target属性. AJAX调用始终以当前页面为目标，无法将其重定向到另一个文档.发送FormData对象不是强制性的，您可以发送所需的任何数据，但是必须根据请求的method对其进行格式化.I've a form with few textfields and a submit button. A submit handler is attached to the form in order to validate the form before submission. Additionally, the handler is supposed to show an OK message to the user, and finally to redirect to the front page.Validation works fine, but when the validation succeeds, the OK message is shown only briefly or not at all, and the page is refreshed instead of redirection.Here is the form:<form id="form" method="post"> <input name="firstname"> <input name="lastname"> <input type="submit" value="Submit"></form><div class="hidden v-ok">Validation OK</div><div class="hidden v-failed">Validation failed</div>And the related JS:const form = document.querySelector('#form');form.addEventListener('submit', e => { const controls = Array.from(form.elements), valid = controls.every(control => control.value !== ''); if (!valid) { // Validation failed, don't submit e.preventDefault(); // Show ValidationFailed message const message = document.querySelector('.hidden.v-failed'); message.classList.remove('hidden'); return; } // Validation OK, show message and submit const message = document.querySelector('.hidden.v-ok'); message.classList.remove('hidden'); window.setTimeout(() => { window.location.href = '/'; }, 2000);});I've also tried to redirect without the timeout, but the result is the same, the page is only refreshed, it never navigates to the front page. What can I do to get my form posted and still able to see the message and do the redirection? 解决方案 TL;DR; Showing the message and redirecting later provides the document location to stay on the current page. You can't submit a form and stay on the current page. Use AJAX aka XMLHttpRequest to send the data to your server instead of submitting a form.How HTMLFormElement worksOn early days, before JavaScript existed, form element was purposed to send data from a page to a server, then the server handled the data, and responded with a new page, which was loaded by the browser. Even today, browsers are doing exactly this same when a form is submitted.The standard says:Now, if you're not interested in a deeper explanation of how the form submission works under the hood, you can scroll down to the All this in practice chapter.But what actually happens when a submit button is clicked? The standard defines a Form submission algorithm, which is very deeply detailed, and is a bit hard to follow. Here are the strongly simplified main steps:Browser checks whether the form can be submitted (document fully active, sandboxing etc.), failing the check cancels the algorithmValidation defined by the elements' attributes is executed, if validation fails the algorithm is cancelledThe attached submit event(s) are executed (attached event(s) can fire only once)If any of the submit handlers called event.preventDefault the algorithm is cancelledThe encoding of the form is setAn entry list of the form control elements is createdVarious attributes of the form are parsed (ex. action defaults to the URL of the form's document if the attribute is not set)The internal sending method is selected based on method attribute of the form (defaults to GET) and the schema of the URL in action attributeA navigation plan is created (a task) and send to the event queue (includes the deformed form data)The task in the event queue is executed, and navigation to a new page takes placeIn the real algorithm, a lot more of actions are executed, ex. step 1 is executed between many of the steps, and the algorithm prevents concurrent submissions. Also, the described algorithm stands only when an actual submit button is activated. If the submission is called via JS by form.submit method, steps 2 - 4 are jumped over.The above algorithm explains how JS form validation in submit event handler can cancel the submission (#4). The unload document process (#10) explains how the timeout is broken when a new page is about to load (all the pending timers and events are aborted). But, any of these doesn't actually explain, how location.href in a submit event handler is ignored without the timeout.The answer to this question is hidden in the definition of the form: It "represents a hyperlink". Activating a hyperlink sets a specific internal navigation event, and an internal "ongoing-navigation" flag. Any later activation of any hyperlink checks that flag, and is cancelled if the flag was set. Setting location.href is not actually a hyperlink, but it uses the same navigation mechanisms, hence it's also cancelled, if a pending navigation is detected. It's notable, that calling event.preventDefault in a submit handler unsets the "ongoing-navigation" flag immediately, which makes setting location.href to work again later in the handler.All this in practiceAs the most of the previously described actions of HTML Form are executed under the hood, how can this all be applied in the point of the view of a programmer? Let's make a synthesis (without specific rationales).<form> is a link which can send more information to the server than a regular link like <a>action attribute of a form is roughly equal to href attribute of a regular linkSubmitting a form always loads a new page, this is the default action of the submissionAny attempt to navigate to another page (including clicking links or submitting other forms, or setting location.href in JS) is prevented while a submit event is pendingProgrammer can interfere form submission by setting a submit event listener to the formIf attribute-based form validation fails, attached submit event handler(s) is/are not executedA submit event handler can modify the current page and the data to submit, and it also can cancel the form submissionNevertheless what is done in a submit event handler, the form is submitted when the handler execution is finished, unless the handler cancels the default action of the submit eventWhat triggers a form submission then? There are multiple ways to start a form submission. All the elements below are so called submitter elements, those have "submit the form" as their default action:<input type="submit" value="Submit"><input type="image" alt="Submit"><button type="submit">Submit</button><button>Submit</button>Hitting on active <input type="date/number/password/search/tel/text/time/url/week">Calling form.submit method in JSNotice the typeless <button> element, it's also a submit button by default, when placed inside a form.Preventing the default action of an eventSome events have a default action, which is executed after the event handler function has finished. For example, the default action of submit event is to submit the form triggered the event. You can prevent the default action to be executed in the event handler by calling preventDefault method of the event object:event.preventDefault();event is either the object passed in the arguments of the handler, or the global event object.Returning false from an event handler function doesn't prevent the form submission. This works with inline listeners only, when return false; is written in an onsubmit attribute.The first three elements in the submitter element list above are "stronger" than the other elements. If you've attached a click listener to an input type of submit/image or a button type of submit, preventing the default action of the (click) event doesn't prevent the form submission. Other elements can do that also within a click listener. To prevent the submission in all cases, you've to listen to submit event on the form instead of clicks on the submitter elements.And again: form.submit method called in any script, will jump over all form validations and won't fire any submit events, it can't be cancelled via JS. It's notable, that this stands for the native submit method only, ex. jQuery's .submit isn't native, and it calls the attached submit handlers.Send data and stay on the current pageTo send data and still stay on the current page can be achieved only by not submitting the form. There are multiple ways to prevent the submission. The simplest way is to not include a form in the markup at all, that makes a lot of extra work with data handling in JS, though. The best way is to prevent the default action of the submit event, any other way with a form would cause extra work, for example, triggering JS without a submitter element still provides detecting submissions made by #5 in the submitter elements list.As the data won't go to a server without submitting, you need to send the data with JS. The technique to use is called AJAX (Asynchronous Javascript And Xml).Here's a simple vanilla JS code example of sending data to the server, and staying on the current page. The code utilizes XMLHttpRequest object. Typically the code is placed in a submit event handler of a form, as it is in the example below. You can make a request anywhere in the scripts on a page, and if a submit event is not involved, preventing the default action is not needed.form.addEventListener('submit', e => { const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest(); const data = new FormData(form); e.preventDefault(); xhr.open('POST', 'action_URL'); xhr.addEventListener('load', e => { if (xhr.status === 200) { // The request was successful console.log(xhr.responseText); } else { // The request failed console.log(xhr.status); } }); xhr.send(data);});The analogy to a form is scattered allover the code:control element values are included in data (form being a reference to an existing form element)method attribute is the first argument of xhr.openaction attribute is the second argument of xhr.openenctype attribute is created by FormData constructor (defaults to "multipart/form-data")The difference between AJAX and form submission is, that when getting a response for an AJAX call from the server, the JavaScript execution continues in the load handler of xhr instead of browser loading a new page when submitting a form. In that load handler you can do what ever you need with the data server sent as the response, or just redirect (also succesfully with a timeout). It's also possible to leave the load handler out of the code, when you don't need a notify of the request success/failure or any response data.In modern browsers you can also use Fetch API to make an AJAX request. Also, most of the commonly used frameworks (if not all) and many libraries (like jQuery), have their own (more or less simplified) implementations for various AJAX-based tasks.RemarksDue to the order of the tasks executed in the internal submit algorithm, the validation attributes are handled before calling the submit event handler(s). If any of the validations fails, the algorithm is cancelled. This means, that when the form validation fails, also the submit event handler(s) are not executed.Validation based on the validation attributes is executed only after activating a submitter element, validation attributes are not affecting to an object created by FormData constructor, which can be created at any time, a submit event is not necessarily needed.The target attribute of the form is ignored when creating a FormData object. An AJAX call always targets to the current page, it can't be redirected to another document.It's not mandatory to send a FormData object, you can send any data you need, but it has to be formatted according to the method of the request. 这篇关于了解HTML表单元素的行为的文章就介绍到这了，希望我们推荐的答案对大家有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持！ 1403页，肝出来的..