Promise标准
不能免俗地贴个Promise标准链接Promises/A+。ES6的Promise有很多方法,包括Promise.all()/Promise.resolve()/Promise.reject()等,但其实这些都是Promises/A+规范之外的,Promises/A+规范只定义了一个Promise.then()方法,这是Promise的核心。
基本结构
new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
let a = 0;
if (a > 1) {
resolve(a);
} else {
reject(a);
}
}).then(res => {
console.log(res);
}, err => {
console.log(err);
})
Promise接收一个函数作为参数,我们称之为executor,该函数有两个参数resolve和reject,这两个参数也都是函数,并且,它们定义在Promise内部。
那么我们定义一个class并定义一个_isFunction方法,用来校验构造函数的参数必须是函数。再定义resolve和reject这两个方法。
class MyPromise{
constructor(executor){
if(!this._isFunction(executor)){
throw new Error(`Promise resolver ${executor} is not a function`);
}
}
_isFunction(val){
return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === '[object Function]';
}
_resolve(){
}
_reject(){
}
}
Promise状态、resolve、reject
Promise有三种状态,分别是pending(等待中)、fulfilled(成功)、rejected(失败)。状态改变只能从pending => fulfilled,或者pending => rejected。
resolve的作用,就是将Promise的状态从pending改为fulfilled,它接收一个参数作为Promise执行成功的值,这个值会传给then的第一个回调函数。reject的作用是将Promise的状态从pending改为rejected,它也接收一个参数作为Promise执行失败的值,这个值会传给then的第二个回调函数。
那么我们定义好状态_status、_resolve、_reject,再定义两个数组_handleFulfilled、_handleRejected,分别存放then的成功和失败回调集合。当用户调用resolve或reject方法后,开始异步调用_handleFulfilled或_handleRejected数组中的回调。
class MyPromise {
constructor(executor) {
if (!this._isFunction(executor)) {
throw new Error(`${executor} is not a function`);
}
this._status = "pending";
this._value = undefined;
this._handleFulfilled = [];
this._handleRejected = [];
// 很多文章在这里给executor加了try catch,实际上原生Promise的executor中的错误并没有捕获
executor(this._resolve.bind(this), this._reject.bind(this));
}
_isFunction(val) {
return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === "[object Function]";
}
_resolve(value) {
if(this._status === 'pending'){
this._status = "fulfilled";
this._value = value;
let cb;
// 异步按顺序调用并清空回调
setTimeout(() => {
while(cb = this._handleFulfilled.shift()){
cb(value);
}
}, 0)
}
}
_reject(value) {
if(this._status === 'pending'){
this._status = "rejected";
this._value = value;
let cb;
// 异步按顺序调用并清空回调
setTimeout(() => {
while ((cb = this._handleRejected.shift())) {
cb(value);
}
}, 0);
}
}
}
Promise.then
Promise.then定义了两个回调onFulfilled和onRejected
promise.then(onFulfilled, onRejected)
它们分别在Promise执行成功/失败时执行,它们都是可选的,Promises/A+规范规定,如果onFulfilled或onRejected不是函数,将被忽略,Promise会继续执行下一个then的回调。比如下面的例子会输出1,.then(2)则被忽略了。
new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
resolve(1);
})
.then(2)
.then((res) => {
console.log(res);
});
then可以链式调用,是因为每个then都会返回一个新的Promise。then执行onFulfilled还是onRejected,取决于Promise的状态,如果Promise状态为pending,只会将onFulfilled和onRejected分别push到_handleFulfilled和_handleRejected数组;如果状态为fulfilled,会执行对应的onFulfilled;如果状态是rejected,执行对应的onRejected;
那么then方法的基本结构如下
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
const self = this;
const { _value, _status } = this;
// 如果onFulfilled、onRejected不是函数,强制改为函数,并且该函数直接返回接收到的参数,传后面的then的回调函数
onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v;
onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v;
return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
switch (_status) {
case "pending":
self._handleFulfilled.push(onFulfilled);
self._handleRejected.push(onRejected);
break;
case "fulfilled":
onFulfilled(_value);
// todo
break;
case "rejected":
onRejected(_value);
// todo
break;
default:
throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status');
break;
}
});
}
在then链式调用的情况下,如果前一个then返回的是一个新Promise,后一个then的回调必须等这个新Promise的状态改变后才会执行。举例,下面的代码输出1之后,等待3秒才会输出2:
new Promise(resolve => {
resolve()
}).then(() => {
return new Promise(resolve => {
console.log(1);
setTimeout(() => {
resolve()
}, 3000)
})
}).then(() => {
console.log(2);
})
因此要对then的回调函数的返回值做个判断,如果返回值不是Promise,利用resolve直接返回这个值;如果返回值是Promise,就要等这个Promise状态变化之后再返回,而Promise状态变化之后一定会调用then的回调函数,利用这个特性,将resolve、reject作为then的回调函数即可。
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
const self = this;
const { _value, _status } = this;
// 如果onFulfilled、onRejected不是函数,强制改为函数,并且该函数直接返回接收到的参数,传后面的then的回调函数
onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v;
onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v;
return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
const fulfilled = (value) => {
const res = onFulfilled(value);
if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
res.then(resolve, reject);
} else {
resolve(res);
}
};
const rejected = (value) => {
const res = onRejected(value);
if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
// 这里是重点
res.then(resolve, reject);
} else {
reject(res);
}
};
switch (_status) {
case "pending":
self._handleFulfilled.push(fulfilled);
self._handleRejected.push(rejected);
break;
case "fulfilled":
fulfilled(_value);
break;
case "rejected":
rejected(_value);
break;
default:
throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status');
break;
}
});
}
完整代码
class MyPromise {
constructor(executor) {
if (!this._isFunction(executor)) {
throw new Error(`${executor} is not a function`);
}
this._status = "pending";
this._value = undefined;
this._handleFulfilled = [];
this._handleRejected = [];
// 很多文章在这里给executor加了try catch,实际上原生Promise的executor中的错误并没有捕获
executor(this._resolve.bind(this), this._reject.bind(this));
}
_isFunction(val) {
return Object.prototype.toString.call(val) === "[object Function]";
}
_resolve(value) {
if (this._status === "pending") {
this._status = "fulfilled";
this._value = value;
let cb;
// 异步按顺序调用并清空回调
setTimeout(() => {
while ((cb = this._handleFulfilled.shift())) {
cb(value);
}
}, 0);
}
}
_reject(value) {
if (this._status === "pending") {
this._status = "rejected";
this._value = value;
let cb;
// 异步按顺序调用并清空回调
setTimeout(() => {
while ((cb = this._handleRejected.shift())) {
cb(value);
}
}, 0);
}
}
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
const self = this;
const { _value, _status } = this;
// 如果onFulfilled、onRejected不是函数,强制改为函数,并且该函数直接返回接收到的参数,传后面的then的回调函数
onFulfilled = self._isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (v) => v;
onRejected = self._isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (v) => v;
return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
const fulfilled = (value) => {
const res = onFulfilled(value);
if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
res.then(resolve, reject);
} else {
resolve(res);
}
};
const rejected = (value) => {
const res = onRejected(value);
if (res instanceof MyPromise) {
// 这里是重点
res.then(resolve, reject);
} else {
reject(res);
}
};
switch (_status) {
case "pending":
self._handleFulfilled.push(fulfilled);
self._handleRejected.push(rejected);
break;
case "fulfilled":
fulfilled(_value);
break;
case "rejected":
rejected(_value);
break;
default:
throw new Error('Promise resolver Unverified status');
break;
}
});
}
}
测试一下,先输出1,3秒后输出2,说明MyPromise的基本功能没问题了。
new MyPromise((resolve) => {
console.log(1);
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 3000)
}).then(res => {
console.log(res);
})
最后,总结一下,Promise是如何实现异步编程的?
Promise接收一个函数为参数,传入了两个内部的方法resolve和reject,然后用then注册回调函数,手动调用resolve或reject就可以依次执行then的回调,并且给回调函数传值。如果then返回的也是Promise,同样的,手动调用resolve或reject后,才会继续往下执行。
其实本质上还是回调函数,只不过写法变了。
本文GitHub链接:Promise是如何实现异步编程的?