问题描述
我正在尝试通过ctypes用Python中定义的回调替换共享库中现有的函数指针。
C中共享库的源代码:
#include< assert.h>
#include< stdio.h>
void(* plot)();
int c_main(int argc,void ** argv){
printf( plot is%p\n,(void *)plot);
assert(plot!= NULL);
plot();
返回0;
}
Python脚本的来源:
从sys导入平台
从pathlib导入路径
导入ctypes
import _ctypes
FUNCTYPE = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE如果是平台=='win32'else ctypes.CFUNCTYPE
def dlclose(obj):
如果平台== win32:
_ctypes.FreeLibrary(obj。 _handle)
else:
_ctypes.dlclose(obj._handle)
def enc_args(args):
C_ARGS =(ctypes.POINTER(ctypes .c_char)* len(args))()
for idx,arg in enumerate(args):
C_ARGS [idx] = ctypes.create_string_buffer(arg.encode( utf-8))
return C_ARGS
@FUNCTYPE(无)
def plotxy():
print( plotxy)
C_ARGS = enc_args([str(Path(__ file__))])
CAUXDLL = ctypes.CDLL( ../ test.so)
print(plotxy)
print(CAUXDLL.plot)
CAUXDLL.plot = plotxy
print(CAUXDLL.plot)
print(CAUXDLL.c_main(len(C_ARGS),C_ARGS))
要测试的脚本:
gcc -fPIC -shared -o test.so test.c
python3 test .py
我得到的输出:
#./test.sh
< CFunctionType对象位于0x7fb1f0abb1c0>
< _FuncPtr对象位于0x7fb1f0abb640>
< CFunctionType对象位于0x7fb1f0abb1c0>
图为(nil)
python3:test.c:8:c_main:断言'plot!= NULL'失败。
./test.sh:第3行:21171中止了python3 test.py
因此,似乎在Python(plotxy)中定义的函数的类型为 CFunctionType
,而在C中定义的函数指针的类型为 _FuncPtr
。尽管在 CAUXDLL
中进行了替换,但在调用main函数时似乎没有任何作用。
除了读取,我发现了其他问题(例如或),但是我找不到如何将 CFunctionType
(plotxy)转换为 _FuncPtr
。 / p>
编辑
我相信这可能与常规使用ctypes无关。这是我已经成功实现的,并且在文档中对此进行了充分的说明。这个问题超越了。我不想执行C函数。我希望Python用Python编写的回调替换现有的函数指针。请注意,可以使用辅助C函数来完成此操作(请参见)。因此,这个问题是关于如何在没有该辅助函数的情况下(如果可能的话)实现它的。
从中访问全局变量的方式 ctypes
将使用 in_dll
,但是似乎没有公开的方法来更改函数指针。我只能阅读并调用它,因此,我认为没有帮助函数是不可能的。
下面的示例更改了 int
全局变量,但是 CFUNCTYPE
实例没有 value
成员来更改它。我添加了一个C帮助程序来设置全局值以解决该问题,并添加一个回调的默认值,以在更改它之前验证它是否已正确访问。
test.c:
#include< stdio.h>
#define API __declspec(dllexport)
typedef void(* CB)();
void dllplot(){
printf( default\n);
}
API CB图= dllplot;
API int x = 5;
API int c_main(){
printf( x =%d(来自C)\n,x);
plot();
返回0;
}
API无效set_cb(CB cb){
plot = cb;
}
test.py:
from ctypes import *
PLOT = CFUNCTYPE(None)
dll = CDLL('./ test')
dll.c_main.argtypes = ()
dll.c_main.restype = c_int
dll.set_cb.argtypes = PLOT,
dll.set_cb.restype = None
@PLOT
def plotxy():
print( plotxy)
x = c_int.in_dll(dll,'x')
plot = PLOT.in_dll(dll,'plot' )
print(f'x = {x.value}(来自Python)')
x.value = 7
print('直接从Python调用图:')
plot()
print('calling c_main():')
dll.c_main()
dll.set_cb(plotxy)
print('设置回调后从Python调用图:')
plot()
print('设置回调后从C调用图:')
dll.c_main()
输出:
x = 5(来自Python)
直接从Python调用图:
默认
调用c_main():
x = 7(来自C)
默认
设置回调后从Python调用图:
plotxy
设置回调后从C调用图:
x = 7(来自C)
plotxy
请注意,全局指针使用 .contents
来访问它们的值,因此我尝试使用 POINTER(CFUNCTYPE(None ))
并使用 plot.contents = plotxy
,但这不能正确分配全局变量,C崩溃了。
我什至尝试将实际的全局指针添加到函数指针:
API CB plot = dllplot;
API CB * pplot =& plot;
,然后使用:
PLOT = CFUNCTYPE(None)
PPLOT = POINTER(PLOT)
图= PPLOT.in_dll(dll,'pplot')
plot.contents = plotxy
这让我通过 .contents
分配了函数,但是 c_main
仍称为默认绘图值。因此,将 CFUNCTYPE
用作除函数参数之外的任何功能的功能似乎未实现。
I am trying to replace an existing function pointer in a shared library with a callback defined in Python, through ctypes.
The source of the shared library in C:
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void (*plot)();
int c_main(int argc, void** argv) {
printf("plot is %p\n", (void*)plot);
assert(plot != NULL);
plot();
return 0;
}
The source of the Python script:
from sys import platform
from pathlib import Path
import ctypes
import _ctypes
FUNCTYPE = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE if platform == 'win32' else ctypes.CFUNCTYPE
def dlclose(obj):
if platform == "win32":
_ctypes.FreeLibrary(obj._handle)
else:
_ctypes.dlclose(obj._handle)
def enc_args(args):
C_ARGS = (ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_char) * len(args))()
for idx, arg in enumerate(args):
C_ARGS[idx] = ctypes.create_string_buffer(arg.encode("utf-8"))
return C_ARGS
@FUNCTYPE(None)
def plotxy():
print("plotxy")
C_ARGS = enc_args([str(Path(__file__))])
CAUXDLL = ctypes.CDLL("./test.so")
print(plotxy)
print(CAUXDLL.plot)
CAUXDLL.plot = plotxy
print(CAUXDLL.plot)
print(CAUXDLL.c_main(len(C_ARGS), C_ARGS))
The script to test it:
gcc -fPIC -shared -o test.so test.c
python3 test.py
The output I get:
# ./test.sh
<CFunctionType object at 0x7fb1f0abb1c0>
<_FuncPtr object at 0x7fb1f0abb640>
<CFunctionType object at 0x7fb1f0abb1c0>
plot is (nil)
python3: test.c:8: c_main: Assertion `plot != NULL' failed.
./test.sh: line 3: 21171 Aborted python3 test.py
So, it seems that the function defined in Python (plotxy) is of type CFunctionType
, while the function pointer defined in C is of type _FuncPtr
. Although the replacement in CAUXDLL
is applied, it seems to have no effect when the main function is called.
Apart from reading https://docs.python.org/3/library/ctypes.html#module-ctypes, I found other questions (e.g. How to use typedef in ctypes or python cytpes creating callback function - Segmentation fault (core dumped)), but I cannot find how to convert CFunctionType
(plotxy) to _FuncPtr
.
EDIT
I believe this might not be an issue with the regular usage of ctypes. That's something I have successfully achieved and which is sufficiently explained in the docs. This question goes beyond. I don't want to execute the C function. I want Python to replace an existing function pointer with a callback written in Python. Note that it is possible to do it by using a helper C function (see https://github.com/ghdl/ghdl-cosim/blob/master/vhpidirect/shared/pycb/caux.c#L32-L40). Hence this question is about how to achieve it without that helper function (if possible).
The way to access global variables from ctypes
is to use in_dll
, but there doesn't seem to be an exposed way to change a function pointer. I was only able to read it and call it, so I don't think it is possible without a helper function.
The example below alters an int
global variable, but CFUNCTYPE
instances don't have a value
member to alter it. I added a C helper to set the global to work around the issue and a default value of the callback to verify it was accessed correctly before changing it.
test.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#define API __declspec(dllexport)
typedef void (*CB)();
void dllplot() {
printf("default\n");
}
API CB plot = dllplot;
API int x = 5;
API int c_main() {
printf("x=%d (from C)\n",x);
plot();
return 0;
}
API void set_cb(CB cb) {
plot = cb;
}
test.py:
from ctypes import *
PLOT = CFUNCTYPE(None)
dll = CDLL('./test')
dll.c_main.argtypes = ()
dll.c_main.restype = c_int
dll.set_cb.argtypes = PLOT,
dll.set_cb.restype = None
@PLOT
def plotxy():
print("plotxy")
x = c_int.in_dll(dll,'x')
plot = PLOT.in_dll(dll,'plot')
print(f'x={x.value} (from Python)')
x.value = 7
print('calling plot from Python directly:')
plot()
print('calling c_main():')
dll.c_main()
dll.set_cb(plotxy)
print('calling plot from Python after setting callback:')
plot()
print('calling plot from C after setting callback:')
dll.c_main()
Output:
x=5 (from Python)
calling plot from Python directly:
default
calling c_main():
x=7 (from C)
default
calling plot from Python after setting callback:
plotxy
calling plot from C after setting callback:
x=7 (from C)
plotxy
Note that global pointers use .contents
to access their value, so I experimented with using a POINTER(CFUNCTYPE(None))
and using plot.contents = plotxy
but that doesn't assign the global variable correctly and C crashed.
I even tried adding an actual global pointer to function pointer:
API CB plot = dllplot;
API CB* pplot = &plot;
and then using:
PLOT = CFUNCTYPE(None)
PPLOT = POINTER(PLOT)
plot = PPLOT.in_dll(dll,'pplot')
plot.contents = plotxy
That let me assign the function via .contents
, but c_main
still called the default plot value. So the functionality of using CFUNCTYPE
as anything but a function parameter doesn't appear to be implemented.
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