Linux系统之tree命令的基本使用
一、tree命令介绍
二、tree工具安装
-
安装
tree
-
在大多数基于 Debian 的系统(如 Ubuntu)上,可以通过以下命令安装
tree
:
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install tree
- 对于基于 Red Hat 的系统(如 CentOS 或 Fedora),可以使用以下命令:
sudo yum install tree
# 或者在较新的版本中使用
sudo dnf install tree
三、tree命令帮助
3.1 查询帮助信息
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree --help
usage: tree [-acdfghilnpqrstuvxACDFJQNSUX] [-H baseHREF] [-T title ]
[-L level [-R]] [-P pattern] [-I pattern] [-o filename] [--version]
[--help] [--inodes] [--device] [--noreport] [--nolinks] [--dirsfirst]
[--charset charset] [--filelimit[=]#] [--si] [--timefmt[=]<f>]
[--sort[=]<name>] [--matchdirs] [--ignore-case] [--fromfile] [--]
[<directory list>]
------- Listing options -------
-a All files are listed.
-d List directories only.
-l Follow symbolic links like directories.
-f Print the full path prefix for each file.
-x Stay on current filesystem only.
-L level Descend only level directories deep.
-R Rerun tree when max dir level reached.
-P pattern List only those files that match the pattern given.
-I pattern Do not list files that match the given pattern.
--ignore-case Ignore case when pattern matching.
--matchdirs Include directory names in -P pattern matching.
--noreport Turn off file/directory count at end of tree listing.
--charset X Use charset X for terminal/HTML and indentation line output.
--filelimit # Do not descend dirs with more than # files in them.
--timefmt <f> Print and format time according to the format <f>.
-o filename Output to file instead of stdout.
--du Print directory sizes.
--prune Prune empty directories from the output.
------- File options -------
-q Print non-printable characters as '?'.
-N Print non-printable characters as is.
-Q Quote filenames with double quotes.
-p Print the protections for each file.
-u Displays file owner or UID number.
-g Displays file group owner or GID number.
-s Print the size in bytes of each file.
-h Print the size in a more human readable way.
--si Like -h, but use in SI units (powers of 1000).
-D Print the date of last modification or (-c) status change.
-F Appends '/', '=', '*', '@', '|' or '>' as per ls -F.
--inodes Print inode number of each file.
--device Print device ID number to which each file belongs.
------- Sorting options -------
-v Sort files alphanumerically by version.
-t Sort files by last modification time.
-c Sort files by last status change time.
-U Leave files unsorted.
-r Reverse the order of the sort.
--dirsfirst List directories before files (-U disables).
--sort X Select sort: name,version,size,mtime,ctime.
------- Graphics options -------
-i Don't print indentation lines.
-A Print ANSI lines graphic indentation lines.
-S Print with CP437 (console) graphics indentation lines.
-n Turn colorization off always (-C overrides).
-C Turn colorization on always.
------- XML/HTML/JSON options -------
-X Prints out an XML representation of the tree.
-J Prints out an JSON representation of the tree.
-H baseHREF Prints out HTML format with baseHREF as top directory.
-T string Replace the default HTML title and H1 header with string.
--nolinks Turn off hyperlinks in HTML output.
------- Input options -------
--fromfile Reads paths from files (.=stdin)
------- Miscellaneous options -------
--version Print version and exit.
--help Print usage and this help message and exit.
-- Options processing terminator.
3.2 tree命令帮助解释
- 使用方法:
tree [选项]... [<directory list>]
- 列表选项
- 文件选项
- 排序选项
- 图形选项
- XML/HTML/JSON 选项
- 输入选项
- 杂项选项
四、tree命令的基本使用
4.1 直接使用
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree
.
├── aa
├── aa01.txt
├── aa02.txt
├── aa03.txt
├── aa04.txt
├── aa05.txt
├── aa06.txt
├── abc.txt
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── mytest.aa
├── test.txt
└── tree
└── bb
└── cc
3 directories, 11 files
4.2 *限制显示的层级
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -L 1
.
├── aa
├── aa01.txt
├── aa02.txt
├── aa03.txt
├── aa04.txt
├── aa05.txt
├── aa06.txt
├── abc.txt
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── mytest.aa
├── test.txt
└── tree
1 directory, 11 files
4.3 仅显示目录
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -d
.
└── tree
└── bb
└── cc
3 directories
4.4 不显示隐藏文件
-
默认情况下,
tree
不会显示隐藏文件(即以点.
开头的文件)。如果你不想改变这个行为,只需要正常使用tree
即可。 -
如果想明确地确保隐藏文件不会被显示,可以使用
-a
和-I
选项结合来排除特定模式: -
以下面的例子会显示所有文件,但排除
.git
和.ssh
目录。
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -a -I '.git|.ssh'
.
├── aa
├── aa01.txt
├── aa02.txt
├── aa03.txt
├── aa04.txt
├── aa05.txt
├── aa06.txt
├── abc.txt
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── .bash_history
├── .bash_logout
├── .bash_profile
├── .bashrc
├── .cshrc
├── .docker
│ └── buildx
│ ├── activity
│ │ └── default
│ ├── .buildNodeID
│ ├── defaults
│ ├── instances
│ ├── .lock
│ └── refs
│ └── default
│ └── default
│ └── l719wavztb8rg53q0s8243nep
├── .lesshst
├── mytest.aa
├── .tcshrc
├── test.txt
├── tree
│ └── bb
│ └── cc
└── .viminfo
11 directories, 23 files
4.5 显示文件大小
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -h
.
├── [ 58] aa
├── [ 0] aa01.txt
├── [ 0] aa02.txt
├── [ 0] aa03.txt
├── [ 0] aa04.txt
├── [ 0] aa05.txt
├── [ 0] aa06.txt
├── [ 12] abc.txt
├── [ 978] anaconda-ks.cfg
├── [ 15] mytest.aa
├── [ 79] test.txt
└── [ 16] tree
└── [ 16] bb
└── [ 6] cc
3 directories, 11 files
```
4.6 彩色输出
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -C
.
├── aa
├── aa01.txt
├── aa02.txt
├── aa03.txt
├── aa04.txt
├── aa05.txt
├── aa06.txt
├── abc.txt
├── anaconda-ks.cfg
├── mytest.aa
├── test.txt
└── tree
└── bb
└── cc
3 directories, 11 files
```
4.7 输出到文件
tree > directory_structure.txt
4.8 输出不同格式
[root@RockyLinux-server001 ~]# tree -J
[{"type":"directory","name": ".","contents":[
{"type":"file","name":"aa"},
{"type":"file","name":"aa01.txt"},
{"type":"file","name":"aa02.txt"},
{"type":"file","name":"aa03.txt"},
{"type":"file","name":"aa04.txt"},
{"type":"file","name":"aa05.txt"},
{"type":"file","name":"aa06.txt"},
{"type":"file","name":"abc.txt"},
{"type":"file","name":"anaconda-ks.cfg"},
{"type":"file","name":"mytest.aa"},
{"type":"file","name":"test.txt"},
{"type":"directory","name":"tree","contents":[
{"type":"directory","name":"bb","contents":[
{"type":"directory","name":"cc","contents":[
]}
]}
]}
]},
{"type":"report","directories":3,"files":11}
]
五、注意事项
-
tree
命令不是所有 Linux 发行版默认安装的工具,可能需要通过包管理器手动安装。 -
使用
-a
选项显示隐藏文件时,请注意这可能会列出大量你通常不需要查看的系统文件。 -
在大目录结构中使用
tree
可能会产生非常庞大的输出,建议结合管道和分页工具如less
使用。 -
如果不希望
tree
递归进入其他挂载点下的文件系统,可以使用-x
选项限制在当前文件系统内。 -
使用
-L
选项可以限制tree
的递归深度,这对于只想查看顶层结构或特定层级内容非常有用。 -
tree
支持多种输出格式,包括彩色终端输出、HTML、XML 和 JSON,适用于不同的应用场景。 -
当需要处理包含非打印字符的文件名时,使用
-N
或-Q
选项可以帮助正确显示或引用这些文件名。 -
对于性能考虑,可以通过
--filelimit
选项设置最大文件数量,避免tree
在大型目录中消耗过多资源。 -
使用
--prune
选项可以简化输出,排除空目录,使树状图更加简洁。 -
tree
的排序和过滤选项允许用户根据需求定制化输出,但要注意这些操作可能增加命令执行的时间。