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问题描述
我对Python Selenium for Chrome中的-headless 模式有疑问.
I have a question about --headless mode in Python Selenium for Chrome.
代码
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.desired_capabilities import DesiredCapabilities
CHROME_DRIVER_DIR = "selenium/chromedriver"
chrome_options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
caps = DesiredCapabilities().CHROME
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-dev-shm-usage")
chrome_options.add_argument("--remote-debugging-port=9222")
chrome_options.add_argument("--headless") # Runs Chrome in headless mode.
chrome_options.add_argument('--no-sandbox') # # Bypass OS security model
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-extensions")
chrome_options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")
browser = webdriver.Chrome(desired_capabilities=caps, executable_path=CHROME_DRIVER_DIR, options=chrome_options)
browser.get("https://www.manta.com/c/mm2956g/mashuda-contractors")
print(browser.page_source)
browser.quit()
当我删除 chrome_options.add_argument(-headless")时，一切正常，但是有了-headless * ，下一个问题就会出现
When I'm remove chrome_options.add_argument("--headless") all working good, but with this --headless* got next issue
Please enable cookies.
Error 1020 Ray ID: 53fd62b4087d8116 • 2019-12-04 11:19:28 UTC
Access denied
What happened?
This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks.
Cloudflare Ray ID: 53fd62b4087d8116 • Your IP: 168.81.117.111 • Performance & security by Cloudflare
正常模式和-headless 有什么区别?
What is the difference for normal mode and --headless?
推荐答案
我接受了您的代码，删除了可选的 arguments ，并添加了一些 arguments 来执行测试:如下:
I took your code, removed the optional arguments and added a few arguments to execute the test as follows:
-
代码块:
Code Block:
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("start-maximized")
options.add_argument("--headless")
options.add_experimental_option("excludeSwitches", ["enable-automation"])
options.add_experimental_option('useAutomationExtension', False)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options, executable_path=r'C:\Utility\BrowserDrivers\chromedriver.exe')
driver.get("https://www.manta.com/c/mm2956g/mashuda-contractors")
print(driver.page_source)
driver.quit()
控制台输出:
Console Output:
<html class="js" lang="en-US" style="opacity: 1; visibility: visible;"><!--<![endif]--><head>
<title>Access denied | www.manta.com used Cloudflare to restrict access</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1">
<meta name="robots" content="noindex, nofollow">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" id="cf_styles-css" href="/cdn-cgi/styles/cf.errors.css" type="text/css" media="screen,projection">
<!--[if lt IE 9]><link rel="stylesheet" id='cf_styles-ie-css' href="/cdn-cgi/styles/cf.errors.ie.css" type="text/css" media="screen,projection" /><![endif]-->
<style type="text/css">body{margin:0;padding:0}</style>
<!--[if gte IE 10]><!--><script type="text/javascript" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/zepto.min.js"></script><!--<![endif]-->
<!--[if gte IE 10]><!--><script type="text/javascript" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/cf.common.js"></script><!--<![endif]-->
</head>
<body>
<div id="cf-wrapper">
<div class="cf-alert cf-alert-error cf-cookie-error" id="cookie-alert" data-translate="enable_cookies">Please enable cookies.</div>
<div id="cf-error-details" class="cf-error-details-wrapper">
<div class="cf-wrapper cf-header cf-error-overview">
<h1>
<span class="cf-error-type" data-translate="error">Error</span>
<span class="cf-error-code">1020</span>
<small class="heading-ray-id">Ray ID: 53fd7c2fca12d5fc • 2019-12-04 11:36:52 UTC</small>
</h1>
<h2 class="cf-subheadline">Access denied</h2>
</div><!-- /.header -->
<section></section><!-- spacer -->
<div class="cf-section cf-wrapper">
<div class="cf-columns two">
<div class="cf-column">
<h2 data-translate="what_happened">What happened?</h2>
<p>This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div><!-- /.section -->
<div class="cf-error-footer cf-wrapper">
<p>
<span class="cf-footer-item">Cloudflare Ray ID: <strong>53fd7c2fca12d5fc</strong></span>
<span class="cf-footer-separator">•</span>
<span class="cf-footer-item"><span>Your IP</span>: 123.201.54.43</span>
<span class="cf-footer-separator">•</span>
<span class="cf-footer-item"><span>Performance & security by</span> <a href="https://www.cloudflare.com/5xx-error-landing?utm_source=error_footer" id="brand_link" target="_blank">Cloudflare</a></span>
</p>
</div><!-- /.error-footer -->
</div><!-- /#cf-error-details -->
</div><!-- /#cf-wrapper -->
<script type="text/javascript">
window._cf_translation = {};
</script>
</body></html>
从提取的页面源中可以很明显地使用 -headless 参数访问具有以下内容的页面:
From the extracted page source it is pretty clear using --headless argument you are reaching to a page with:
- 标题为:访问被拒绝|www.manta.com使用Cloudflare限制访问权限.
- 一些信息:发生了什么事?:该网站正在使用安全服务来保护自己免受在线攻击.
浏览上下文即 Chrome浏览器会话被检测为 BOT ，并且导航被阻止.
The Browsing Context i.e. Chrome Browser session is getting detected as a BOT and the navigation is blocked.
您可以在以下位置找到一些相关的讨论:
You can find a couple of relevant discussions in:
这篇关于通过Selenium Python在正常/无头模式下使用ChromeDriver/Chrome访问Cloudflare网站有什么区别的文章就介绍到这了，希望我们推荐的答案对大家有所帮助，也希望大家多多支持！