问题描述
我有一个如下定义的类:
I have a class defined as follows:
public class Person {
private String name;
// constructor and getter/setter omitted
}
我试图打印我的班级实例:
I tried to print an instance of my class:
System.out.println(myPerson);
但我得到以下输出: com.foo.Person@2f92e0f4
。
but I got the following output: com.foo.Person@2f92e0f4
.
当我尝试打印 Person
对象的数组时,发生了类似的事情:
A similar thing happened when I tried to print an array of Person
objects:
Person[] people = //...
System.out.println(people);
我得到了输出: [Lcom.foo.Person; @ 28a418fc
这个输出是什么意思?如何更改此输出以使其包含我的人名?如何打印我的对象集合?
What does this output mean? How do I change this output so it contains the name of my person? And how do I print collections of my objects?
推荐答案
背景
所有Java对象都有 toString()
方法,在您尝试打印对象时调用。
Background
All Java objects have a toString()
method, which is invoked when you try and print the object.
System.out.println(myObject); // invokes myObject.toString()
此方法在 class(所有Java对象的超类)。 方法返回一个相当难看的字符串,由类的名称, @
符号和哈希码。代码如下:
This method is defined in the Object
class (the superclass of all Java objects). The Object.toString()
method returns a fairly ugly looking string, composed of the name of the class, an @
symbol and the hashcode of the object in hexadecimal. The code for this looks like:
// Code of Object.toString()
public String toString() {
return getClass().getName() + "@" + Integer.toHexString(hashCode());
}
结果如 com.foo.MyType @ 2f92e0f4
因此可以解释为:
A result such as com.foo.MyType@2f92e0f4
can therefore be explained as:
-
com.foo.MyType
- 类的名称,即包com.foo
中的类MyType
。 -
@
- 将字符串连接在一起 -
2f92e0f4
对象的哈希码。
com.foo.MyType
- the name of the class, i.e. the class isMyType
in the packagecom.foo
.@
- joins the string together2f92e0f4
the hashcode of the object.
数组类的名称看起来有点不同,这在Javadocs中有很好的解释对于。例如, [Ljava.lang.String
表示:
The name of array classes look a little different, which is explained well in the Javadocs for Class.getName()
. For instance, [Ljava.lang.String
means:
-
[
- 一维数组(而不是[[
或[[[
等。) -
L
- 数组包含类或接口 -
java.lang.String
- 数组中对象的类型
[
- an single-dimensional array (as opposed to[[
or[[[
etc.)L
- the array contains a class or interfacejava.lang.String
- the type of objects in the array
在调用 System.out.println(myObject)时打印不同的内容
,你必须 toString()
您自己班级中的方法。这是一个简单的例子:
To print something different when you call System.out.println(myObject)
, you must override the toString()
method in your own class. Here's a simple example:
public class Person {
private String name;
// constructors and other methods omitted
@Override
public String toString() {
return name;
}
}
现在,如果我们打印人
,我们看到他们的名字而不是 com.foo.Person@12345678
。
Now if we print a Person
, we see their name rather than com.foo.Person@12345678
.
请记住, toString()
只是一种方式,可以将对象转换为字符串。通常,此输出应以清晰简洁的方式完整地描述您的对象。对于我们的 Person
类,更好的 toString()
可能是:
Bear in mind that toString()
is just one way for an object to be converted to a string. Typically this output should fully describe your object in a clear and concise manner. A better toString()
for our Person
class might be:
@Override
public String toString() {
return getClass().getSimpleName() + "[name=" + name + "]";
}
会打印哪个,例如 Person [name =亨利]
。这是用于调试/测试的非常有用的数据。
Which would print, e.g., Person[name=Henry]
. That's a really useful piece of data for debugging/testing.
如果你只想关注对象的一个方面或包含大量的爵士格式,你可能会更好地定义一个单独的方法,例如 String toElegantReport(){...}
。
If you want to focus on just one aspect of your object or include a lot of jazzy formatting, you might be better to define a separate method instead, e.g. String toElegantReport() {...}
.
许多提供支持,根据类中的字段自动生成 toString()
方法。请参阅和。
Many IDEs offer support for auto-generating a toString()
method, based on the fields in the class. See docs for Eclipse and IntelliJ, for example.
几个流行的Java库也提供此功能。一些例子包括:
Several popular Java libraries offer this feature as well. Some examples include:
-
http://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-lang/rel =noreferrer> Apache Commons Lang
的.ToStringHelper
MoreObjects.ToStringHelper
from Google Guava
的注释
@ToString
annotation from Project Lombok
所以你创造了一个不错的 toString()
为您的班级。如果将该类放入数组或集合中会发生什么?
So you've created a nice toString()
for your class. What happens if that class is placed into an array or a collection?
如果您有一个数组对象,您可以调用生成数组内容的简单表示。例如,考虑这个 Person
对象的数组:
If you have an array of objects, you can call Arrays.toString()
to produce a simple representation of the contents of the array. For instance, consider this array of Person
objects:
Person[] people = { new Person("Fred"), new Person("Mike") };
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(people));
// Prints: [Fred, Mike]
注意:这是在Arrays类中调用名为 toString()
的静态方法,这与我们上面讨论的不同。
Note: this is a call to a static method called toString()
in the Arrays class, which is different to what we've been discussing above.
如果你有一个多维数组,你可以使用 Arrays.deepToString()
实现相同类型的输出。
If you have a multi-dimensional array, you can use Arrays.deepToString()
to achieve the same sort of output.
大多数集合将根据调用产生漂亮的输出每个元素上的 .toString()
。
Most collections will produce a pretty output based on calling .toString()
on every element.
List<Person> people = new ArrayList<>();
people.add(new Person("Alice"));
people.add(new Person("Bob"));
System.out.println(people);
// Prints [Alice, Bob]
所以你只需要确保你的列表元素定义了一个不错的 toString()
,如上所述。
So you just need to ensure your list elements define a nice toString()
as discussed above.
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