this article中,Nick Coghlan谈到了进入PEP 435 Enum type的一些设计决策,以及如何将EnumMeta子类化以提供不同的Enum体验。
然而,关于使用元类,我给出的建议(我是主要的stdlibEnum作者)是,在没有真正好的理由的情况下,不应该这样做——比如不能用类修饰器完成您需要的工作,或者用一个专门的函数来隐藏任何丑陋之处;在我自己的工作中,我已经创建__new__类时,只需使用__init__Enum和/或普通类/实例方法即可执行所需的操作:
Enum with attributes
Handling missing members
class constants that are not Enum members
此外,还有一个值得注意的故事,即在深入研究包含和不包含元类子类的Enum时要小心:
Is it possible to override __new__ in an enum to parse strings to an instance?
考虑到这些,我什么时候需要摆弄EnumMeta本身呢?

最佳答案

迄今为止,我所看到的最好(也是唯一)的子类化案例来自这三个问题:
A more pythonic way to define an enum with dynamic members
Python enum prevent invalid attribute assignment
Create an abstract Enum class
我们将在这里进一步研究动态成员案例。
首先,看一下不进行子类化时所需的代码:
stdlib方式

from enum import Enum
import json

class BaseCountry(Enum):
    def __new__(cls, record):
        member = object.__new__(cls)
        member.country_name = record['name']
        member.code = int(record['country-code'])
        member.abbr = record['alpha-2']
        member._value_ = member.abbr, member.code, member.country_name
        if not hasattr(cls, '_choices'):
            cls._choices = {}
        cls._choices[member.code] = member.country_name
        cls._choices[member.abbr] = member.country_name
        return member
    def __str__(self):
        return self.country_name

Country = BaseCountry(
        'Country',
        [(rec['alpha-2'], rec) for rec in json.load(open('slim-2.json'))],
        )

EnumMeta路12
from aenum import Enum, MultiValue
import json

class Country(Enum, init='abbr code country_name', settings=MultiValue):
    _ignore_ = 'country this'  # do not add these names as members
    # create members
    this = vars()
    for country in json.load(open('slim-2.json')):
        this[country['alpha-2']] = (
                country['alpha-2'],
                int(country['country-code']),
                country['name'],
                )
    # have str() print just the country name
    def __str__(self):
        return self.country_name

上面的代码对于一次性枚举来说很好——但是如果从JSON文件创建枚举对您来说很常见呢?想象一下,如果你可以这样做:
class Country(JSONEnum):
    _init_ = 'abbr code country_name'  # remove if not using aenum
    _file = 'some_file.json'
    _name = 'alpha-2'
    _value = {
            1: ('alpha-2', None),
            2: ('country-code', lambda c: int(c)),
            3: ('name', None),
            }

如你所见:
EnumMeta是要使用的JSON文件的名称
aenum是应该用于名称的路径
_file是将路径映射到值的字典3
_name指定不同值组件的属性名称(如果使用_value
JSON数据取自https://github.com/lukes/ISO-3166-Countries-with-Regional-Codes——以下是一个简短的摘录:
[“name”:“阿富汗”,“alpha-2”:“af”,“country code”:“004”,
“name”:“_land islands”,“alpha-2”:“ax”,“country code”:“248”,
“name”:“阿尔巴尼亚”,“alpha-2”:“al”,“country code”:“008”,
“name”:“阿尔及利亚”,“alpha-2”:“dz”,“country code”:“012”]
以下是_init_类:
class JSONEnumMeta(EnumMeta):

    @classmethod
    def __prepare__(metacls, cls, bases, **kwds):
        # return a standard dictionary for the initial processing
        return {}

    def __init__(cls, *args , **kwds):
        super(JSONEnumMeta, cls).__init__(*args)

    def __new__(metacls, cls, bases, clsdict, **kwds):
        import json
        members = []
        missing = [
               name
               for name in ('_file', '_name', '_value')
               if name not in clsdict
               ]
        if len(missing) in (1, 2):
            # all three must be present or absent
            raise TypeError('missing required settings: %r' % (missing, ))
        if not missing:
            # process
            name_spec = clsdict.pop('_name')
            if not isinstance(name_spec, (tuple, list)):
                name_spec = (name_spec, )
            value_spec = clsdict.pop('_value')
            file = clsdict.pop('_file')
            with open(file) as f:
                json_data = json.load(f)
            for data in json_data:
                values = []
                name = data[name_spec[0]]
                for piece in name_spec[1:]:
                    name = name[piece]
                for order, (value_path, func) in sorted(value_spec.items()):
                    if not isinstance(value_path, (list, tuple)):
                        value_path = (value_path, )
                    value = data[value_path[0]]
                    for piece in value_path[1:]:
                        value = value[piece]
                    if func is not None:
                        value = func(value)
                    values.append(value)
                values = tuple(values)
                members.append(
                    (name, values)
                    )
        # get the real EnumDict
        enum_dict = super(JSONEnumMeta, metacls).__prepare__(cls, bases, **kwds)
        # transfer the original dict content, _items first
        items = list(clsdict.items())
        items.sort(key=lambda p: (0 if p[0][0] == '_' else 1, p))
        for name, value in items:
            enum_dict[name] = value
        # add the members
        for name, value in members:
            enum_dict[name] = value
        return super(JSONEnumMeta, metacls).__new__(metacls, cls, bases, enum_dict, **kwds)

# for use with both Python 2/3
JSONEnum = JSONEnumMeta('JsonEnum', (Enum, ), {})

几点注意事项
aenum返回正常值
JSONEnumMeta用于获取JSONEnumMeta.__prepare__的实例--这是获取实例的正确方法
带有前导下划线的键首先传递给realdict,因为在处理枚举成员时可能需要它们。
枚举成员的顺序与它们在文件中的顺序相同
1披露:我是Python stdlib EnumMeta.__prepare__库、_EnumDict backport库和Advanced Enumeration (_EnumDict)库的作者。
2这需要Enum
3如果您的enum34需要多个值,则键是数字以保持多个值的顺序。

10-07 12:54