考虑以下表达式。请注意,某些表达式被重复以呈现“上下文”。
(这是一个很长的 list )

a, b = 1, 2                          # simple sequence assignment
a, b = ['green', 'blue']             # list asqignment
a, b = 'XY'                          # string assignment
a, b = range(1,5,2)                  # any iterable will do


                                     # nested sequence assignment

(a,b), c = "XY", "Z"                 # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 'Z'

(a,b), c = "XYZ"                     # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
(a,b), c = "XY"                      # ERROR -- need more than 1 value to unpack

(a,b), c, = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'
(a,b), (c,) = [1,2],'this'           # ERROR -- too many values to unpack


                                     # extended sequence unpacking

a, *b = 1,2,3,4,5                    # a = 1, b = [2,3,4,5]
*a, b = 1,2,3,4,5                    # a = [1,2,3,4], b = 5
a, *b, c = 1,2,3,4,5                 # a = 1, b = [2,3,4], c = 5

a, *b = 'X'                          # a = 'X', b = []
*a, b = 'X'                          # a = [], b = 'X'
a, *b, c = "XY"                      # a = 'X', b = [], c = 'Y'
a, *b, c = "X...Y"                   # a = 'X', b = ['.','.','.'], c = 'Y'

a, b, *c = 1,2,3                     # a = 1, b = 2, c = [3]
a, b, c, *d = 1,2,3                  # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = []

a, *b, c, *d = 1,2,3,4,5             # ERROR -- two starred expressions in assignment

(a,b), c = [1,2],'this'              # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'
(a,b), *c = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = ['this']

(a,b), c, *d = [1,2],'this'          # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this', d = []
(a,b), *c, d = [1,2],'this'          # a = '1', b = '2', c = [], d = 'this'

(a,b), (c, *d) = [1,2],'this'        # a = '1', b = '2', c = 't', d = ['h', 'i', 's']

*a = 1                               # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*a = (1,2)                           # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*a, = (1,2)                          # a = [1,2]
*a, = 1                              # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*a, = [1]                            # a = [1]
*a = [1]                             # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*a, = (1,)                           # a = [1]
*a, = (1)                            # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable

*a, b = [1]                          # a = [], b = 1
*a, b = (1,)                         # a = [], b = 1

(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
(a,b), *c = 1,2,3                    # ERROR - 'int' object is not iterable
(a,b), *c = 'XY', 2, 3               # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = [2,3]


                                     # extended sequence unpacking -- NESTED

(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
*(a,b), c = 1,2,3                    # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3

*(a,b) = 1,2                         # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*(a,b), = 1,2                        # a = 1, b = 2

*(a,b) = 'XY'                        # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*(a,b), = 'XY'                       # a = 'X', b = 'Y'

*(a, b) = 'this'                     # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple
*(a, b), = 'this'                    # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
*(a, *b), = 'this'                   # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i', 's']

*(a, *b), c = 'this'                 # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i'], c = 's'

*(a,*b), = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7           # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

*(a,*b), *c = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7        # ERROR -- two starred expressions in assignment
*(a,*b), (*c,) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7     # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*(a,*b), c = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7         # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6], c = 7
*(a,*b), (*c,) = 1,2,3,4,5,'XY'      # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 4, 5], c = ['X', 'Y']

*(a,*b), c, d = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7      # a = 1, b = [2, 3, 3, 4, 5], c = 6, d = 7
*(a,*b), (c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7    # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*(a,*b), (*c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7   # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable
*(a,*b), *(c, d) = 1,2,3,3,4,5,6,7   # ERROR -- two starred expressions in assignment


*(a,b), c = 'XY', 3                  # ERROR -- need more than 1 value to unpack
*(*a,b), c = 'XY', 3                 # a = [], b = 'XY', c = 3
(a,b), c = 'XY', 3                   # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 3

*(a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4               # a = 'XY', b = 3, c = 4
*(*a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4              # a = ['XY'], b = 3, c = 4
(a,b), c = 'XY', 3, 4                # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
如何手动正确推导出此类表达式的结果?

最佳答案

对于这篇文章的长度,我深表歉意,但我决定选择完整性。

一旦你知道了一些基本规则,就不难概括它们。我会尽力用几个例子来解释。由于您正在谈论“手动”评估这些,我将建议一些简单的替换规则。基本上,如果所有可迭代对象的格式都相同,您可能会发现更容易理解表达式。

仅出于解包的目的,以下替换在 = 的右侧有效(即对于右值):

'XY' -> ('X', 'Y')
['X', 'Y'] -> ('X', 'Y')

如果您发现一个值没有被解包,那么您将撤消替换。 (有关进一步说明,请参见下文。)

此外,当您看到“裸”逗号时,请假装有一个顶级元组。在左侧和右侧执行此操作(即对于左值和右值):
'X', 'Y' -> ('X', 'Y')
a, b -> (a, b)

考虑到这些简单的规则,以下是一些示例:
(a,b), c = "XY", "Z"                 # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = 'Z'

应用上述规则,我们将 "XY" 转换为 ('X', 'Y') ,并覆盖括号中的裸逗号:
((a, b), c) = (('X', 'Y'), 'Z')

这里的视觉对应使得分配的工作方式相当明显。

这是一个错误的例子:
(a,b), c = "XYZ"

遵循上述替换规则,我们得到以下结果:
((a, b), c) = ('X', 'Y', 'Z')

这显然是错误的;嵌套结构不匹配。现在让我们看一个稍微复杂的例子它是如何工作的:
(a,b), c, = [1,2],'this'             # a = '1', b = '2', c = 'this'

应用上述规则,我们得到
((a, b), c) = ((1, 2), ('t', 'h', 'i', 's'))

但是现在从结构中可以清楚地看出 'this' 不会被解包,而是直接分配给 c 。所以我们撤消了替换。
((a, b), c) = ((1, 2), 'this')

现在让我们看看当我们将 c 包装在一个元组中时会发生什么:
(a,b), (c,) = [1,2],'this'           # ERROR -- too many values to unpack

成为
((a, b), (c,)) = ((1, 2), ('t', 'h', 'i', 's'))

同样,错误是显而易见的。 c 不再是裸变量,而是序列内部的变量,因此右侧对应的序列被解包为 (c,) 。但是序列有不同的长度,所以有一个错误。

现在使用 * 运算符进行扩展解包。这有点复杂,但它仍然相当简单。以 * 开头的变量成为一个列表,其中包含相应序列中未分配给变量名称的所有项目。从一个相当简单的例子开始:
a, *b, c = "X...Y"                   # a = 'X', b = ['.','.','.'], c = 'Y'

这变成
(a, *b, c) = ('X', '.', '.', '.', 'Y')

分析这一点的最简单方法是从两端开始工作。 'X' 分配给 a'Y' 分配给 c 。序列中的其余值放在一个列表中并分配给 b

(*a, b)(a, *b) 这样的左值只是上述情况的特例。一个左值序列中不能有两个 * 运算符,因为它会产生歧义。像这样的值 (a, *b, *c, d) - 在 bc 中的值会在哪里?稍后我将考虑嵌套的情况。
*a = 1                               # ERROR -- target must be in a list or tuple

这里的错误是不言自明的。目标 ( *a ) 必须在元组中。
*a, = (1,2)                          # a = [1,2]

这是有效的,因为有一个裸逗号。应用规则...
(*a,) = (1, 2)

由于除了 *a 之外没有其他变量,因此 *a 包含了右值序列中的所有值。如果用单个值替换 (1, 2) 会怎样?
*a, = 1                              # ERROR -- 'int' object is not iterable

变成
(*a,) = 1

同样,这里的错误是不言自明的。你不能解压一些不是序列的东西,*a 需要解压一些东西。所以我们把它放在一个序列中
*a, = [1]                            # a = [1]

相当于
(*a,) = (1,)

最后,这是一个常见的混淆点:(1)1 相同——您需要一个逗号来区分元组和算术语句。
*a, = (1)                            # ERROR -- 'int' object is not

现在用于嵌套。实际上这个例子不在你的“NESTED”部分;也许你没有意识到它是嵌套的?
(a,b), *c = 'XY', 2, 3               # a = 'X', b = 'Y', c = [2,3]

成为
((a, b), *c) = (('X', 'Y'), 2, 3)

顶级元组中的第一个值被分配,顶级元组中的其余值( 23 )被分配给 c —— 正如我们所期望的那样。
(a,b),c = 1,2,3                      # ERROR -- too many values to unpack
*(a,b), c = 1,2,3                    # a = 1, b = 2, c = 3

我已经在上面解释了为什么第一行会抛出错误。第二行很愚蠢,但这就是它起作用的原因:
(*(a, b), c) = (1, 2, 3)

如前所述,我们从头开始工作。 3 分配给 c ,然后剩余的值分配给前面带有 * 的变量,在本例中为 (a, b) 。所以这等价于 (a, b) = (1, 2) ,这恰好有效,因为有正确数量的元素。我想不出任何原因会出现在工作代码中。相似地,
*(a, *b), c = 'this'                 # a = 't', b = ['h', 'i'], c = 's'

变成
(*(a, *b), c) = ('t', 'h', 'i', 's')

从两端开始工作, 's' 分配给 c('t', 'h', 'i') 分配给 (a, *b) 。从末端再次工作, 't' 被分配给 a('h', 'i') 作为列表分配给 b 。这是另一个不应出现在工作代码中的愚蠢示例。

关于python - 解包、扩展解包和嵌套扩展解包,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6967632/

10-12 18:16