在上一个关于finding toes within each paw的问题之后,我开始加载其他度量,以查看它如何保持。不幸的是,我很快就遇到了以下步骤之一的问题:识别爪子。

您会发现,我的概念证明基本上随时间推移获取了每个传感器的最大压力,并将开始寻找每一行的总和,直到发现!= 0.0。然后,它对列执行相同的操作,并且一旦发现多于2的行又为零。它将最小和最大行和列值存储到某个索引。

正如您在图中看到的,在大多数情况下,此方法效果很好。但是,这种方法有很多缺点(除了非常原始之外):

  • 人类可以具有“空心脚”,这意味着足迹本身内有几行空行。由于我担心这种情况也会发生在(大型)狗身上,因此我在切断爪子之前等待了至少2或3行。

    如果另一个联系人在到达数个空行之前在另一列中创建了一个问题,则扩大了面积。我认为我可以比较这些列,看看它们是否超过某个值,它们必须是单独的爪子。
  • 当狗很小或以更高的速度行走时,问题会变得更糟。发生的情况是前爪的脚趾仍在接触,而后爪的脚趾刚开始在与前爪相同的区域内接触!

    使用我的简单脚本,它将无法将这两个部分拆分,因为它必须确定该区域的哪些帧属于哪个爪子,而目前,我只需要查看所有帧上的最大值即可。

  • 它开始出错的示例:


    因此,现在我正在寻找一种识别和分离爪子的更好方法(在此之后,我将要解决确定它是哪只爪子的问题!)。

    更新:

    我一直在努力实现Joe的(很棒的!)答案,但是我很难从文件中提取实际的爪子数据。

    当应用于最大压力图像时(见上文),coded_pa​​ws显示了所有不同的爪子。但是,解决方案遍历每一帧(以分离重叠的爪子)并设置四个Rectangle属性,例如坐标或高度/宽度。

    我无法弄清楚如何获取这些属性并将它们存储在可以应用于测量数据的某个变量中。由于我需要知道每个爪子的位置,因此在每个帧中它的位置是什么,并将其耦合到哪个爪子(前/后,左/右)。

    那么,如何使用“矩形”属性为每个爪子提取这些值?

    我在公共(public)Dropbox文件夹(example 1example 2example 3)中有问题设置中使用的度量。 For anyone interested I also set up a blog使您保持最新:-)

    最佳答案

    如果只需要(半个)连续区域,那么Python中已经有一个简单的实现:SciPyndimage.morphology模块。这是一个相当常见的image morphology操作。

    基本上,您有5个步骤:

    def find_paws(data, smooth_radius=5, threshold=0.0001):
        data = sp.ndimage.uniform_filter(data, smooth_radius)
        thresh = data > threshold
        filled = sp.ndimage.morphology.binary_fill_holes(thresh)
        coded_paws, num_paws = sp.ndimage.label(filled)
        data_slices = sp.ndimage.find_objects(coded_paws)
        return object_slices
    
  • 稍微模糊输入数据,以确保爪子具有连续的足迹。 (仅使用更大的内核(各种structure函数的scipy.ndimage.morphology kwarg)会更有效率,但是由于某些原因,它不能正常工作...)
  • 阈值数组,这样您就可以得到一个 bool 数组,其中压力超过某个阈值(即thresh = data > value)。
  • 填充所有内部孔,以便您拥有更干净的区域(filled = sp.ndimage.morphology.binary_fill_holes(thresh))
  • 查找单独的连续区域(coded_paws, num_paws = sp.ndimage.label(filled))。这将返回一个数组,该数组具有按数字编码的区域(每个区域都是唯一整数(从1到爪数)的连续区域,其他所有位置均为零)。
  • 使用data_slices = sp.ndimage.find_objects(coded_paws)隔离连续区域。这将返回slice对象的元组列表,因此您可以使用[data[x] for x in data_slices]获取每个爪子的数据区域。相反,我们将基于这些切片绘制一个矩形,这需要更多的工作。


  • 下面的两个动画显示了“重叠的爪子”和“分组的爪子”示例数据。该方法似乎运行良好。 (不管它的值(value)如何,它的运行比我机器上下面的GIF图像要平稳得多,因此爪子检测算法相当快...)



    这是一个完整的示例(现在有更详细的说明)。其中绝大多数是读取输入内容并制作动画。实际的爪子检测只有5行代码。
    import numpy as np
    import scipy as sp
    import scipy.ndimage
    
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    from matplotlib.patches import Rectangle
    
    def animate(input_filename):
        """Detects paws and animates the position and raw data of each frame
        in the input file"""
        # With matplotlib, it's much, much faster to just update the properties
        # of a display object than it is to create a new one, so we'll just update
        # the data and position of the same objects throughout this animation...
    
        infile = paw_file(input_filename)
    
        # Since we're making an animation with matplotlib, we need
        # ion() instead of show()...
        plt.ion()
        fig = plt.figure()
        ax = fig.add_subplot(111)
        fig.suptitle(input_filename)
    
        # Make an image based on the first frame that we'll update later
        # (The first frame is never actually displayed)
        im = ax.imshow(infile.next()[1])
    
        # Make 4 rectangles that we can later move to the position of each paw
        rects = [Rectangle((0,0), 1,1, fc='none', ec='red') for i in range(4)]
        [ax.add_patch(rect) for rect in rects]
    
        title = ax.set_title('Time 0.0 ms')
    
        # Process and display each frame
        for time, frame in infile:
            paw_slices = find_paws(frame)
    
            # Hide any rectangles that might be visible
            [rect.set_visible(False) for rect in rects]
    
            # Set the position and size of a rectangle for each paw and display it
            for slice, rect in zip(paw_slices, rects):
                dy, dx = slice
                rect.set_xy((dx.start, dy.start))
                rect.set_width(dx.stop - dx.start + 1)
                rect.set_height(dy.stop - dy.start + 1)
                rect.set_visible(True)
    
            # Update the image data and title of the plot
            title.set_text('Time %0.2f ms' % time)
            im.set_data(frame)
            im.set_clim([frame.min(), frame.max()])
            fig.canvas.draw()
    
    def find_paws(data, smooth_radius=5, threshold=0.0001):
        """Detects and isolates contiguous regions in the input array"""
        # Blur the input data a bit so the paws have a continous footprint
        data = sp.ndimage.uniform_filter(data, smooth_radius)
        # Threshold the blurred data (this needs to be a bit > 0 due to the blur)
        thresh = data > threshold
        # Fill any interior holes in the paws to get cleaner regions...
        filled = sp.ndimage.morphology.binary_fill_holes(thresh)
        # Label each contiguous paw
        coded_paws, num_paws = sp.ndimage.label(filled)
        # Isolate the extent of each paw
        data_slices = sp.ndimage.find_objects(coded_paws)
        return data_slices
    
    def paw_file(filename):
        """Returns a iterator that yields the time and data in each frame
        The infile is an ascii file of timesteps formatted similar to this:
    
        Frame 0 (0.00 ms)
        0.0 0.0 0.0
        0.0 0.0 0.0
    
        Frame 1 (0.53 ms)
        0.0 0.0 0.0
        0.0 0.0 0.0
        ...
        """
        with open(filename) as infile:
            while True:
                try:
                    time, data = read_frame(infile)
                    yield time, data
                except StopIteration:
                    break
    
    def read_frame(infile):
        """Reads a frame from the infile."""
        frame_header = infile.next().strip().split()
        time = float(frame_header[-2][1:])
        data = []
        while True:
            line = infile.next().strip().split()
            if line == []:
                break
            data.append(line)
        return time, np.array(data, dtype=np.float)
    
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        animate('Overlapping paws.bin')
        animate('Grouped up paws.bin')
        animate('Normal measurement.bin')
    

    更新:至于确定哪个脚在什么时间与传感器接触,最简单的解决方案是只进行相同的分析,但立即使用所有数据。 (即,将输入堆叠到3D数组中,然后使用它,而不是单独的时间范围。)由于SciPy的ndimage函数旨在用于n维数组,因此我们不必修改原始的爪查找函数完全没有
    # This uses functions (and imports) in the previous code example!!
    def paw_regions(infile):
        # Read in and stack all data together into a 3D array
        data, time = [], []
        for t, frame in paw_file(infile):
            time.append(t)
            data.append(frame)
        data = np.dstack(data)
        time = np.asarray(time)
    
        # Find and label the paw impacts
        data_slices, coded_paws = find_paws(data, smooth_radius=4)
    
        # Sort by time of initial paw impact... This way we can determine which
        # paws are which relative to the first paw with a simple modulo 4.
        # (Assuming a 4-legged dog, where all 4 paws contacted the sensor)
        data_slices.sort(key=lambda dat_slice: dat_slice[2].start)
    
        # Plot up a simple analysis
        fig = plt.figure()
        ax1 = fig.add_subplot(2,1,1)
        annotate_paw_prints(time, data, data_slices, ax=ax1)
        ax2 = fig.add_subplot(2,1,2)
        plot_paw_impacts(time, data_slices, ax=ax2)
        fig.suptitle(infile)
    
    def plot_paw_impacts(time, data_slices, ax=None):
        if ax is None:
            ax = plt.gca()
    
        # Group impacts by paw...
        for i, dat_slice in enumerate(data_slices):
            dx, dy, dt = dat_slice
            paw = i%4 + 1
            # Draw a bar over the time interval where each paw is in contact
            ax.barh(bottom=paw, width=time[dt].ptp(), height=0.2,
                    left=time[dt].min(), align='center', color='red')
        ax.set_yticks(range(1, 5))
        ax.set_yticklabels(['Paw 1', 'Paw 2', 'Paw 3', 'Paw 4'])
        ax.set_xlabel('Time (ms) Since Beginning of Experiment')
        ax.yaxis.grid(True)
        ax.set_title('Periods of Paw Contact')
    
    def annotate_paw_prints(time, data, data_slices, ax=None):
        if ax is None:
            ax = plt.gca()
    
        # Display all paw impacts (sum over time)
        ax.imshow(data.sum(axis=2).T)
    
        # Annotate each impact with which paw it is
        # (Relative to the first paw to hit the sensor)
        x, y = [], []
        for i, region in enumerate(data_slices):
            dx, dy, dz = region
            # Get x,y center of slice...
            x0 = 0.5 * (dx.start + dx.stop)
            y0 = 0.5 * (dy.start + dy.stop)
            x.append(x0); y.append(y0)
    
            # Annotate the paw impacts
            ax.annotate('Paw %i' % (i%4 +1), (x0, y0),
                color='red', ha='center', va='bottom')
    
        # Plot line connecting paw impacts
        ax.plot(x,y, '-wo')
        ax.axis('image')
        ax.set_title('Order of Steps')
    

    09-06 14:49