问题:输出$[0,1,2,3,...n)$的所有子集。

1. 增量构造法:一次选出一个元素放到集合中。由于$A$中的元素个数不确定,每次递归调用都要输出当前集合。另外,递归边界也不需要显示确定——如果无法继续添加元素,自然就不会递归了。

void print_subset(int n, int* A, int cur){
    for(int i = 0; i < cur; i++) printf("%d ", A[i]);
    printf("\n");
    int s = cur ? A[cur - 1] + 1 : 0;
    for(int i = s; i < n; ++i){
        A[cur] = i;
        print_subset(n, A, cur + 1);
    }
}

2. 位向量法:构造一个位向量$B[i]$,而不是直接构造子集$A$本身,其中$B[i]=1$,当且仅当$i$在子集$A$中。

void print_subset1(int n, int* B, int cur){
    if(cur == n){
        for(int i = 0; i < cur; ++i)
            if(B[i]) printf("%d ", i);
        printf("\n");
        return;
    }
    B[cur] = 1;
    print_subset1(n, B, cur + 1);
    B[cur] = 0;
    print_subset1(n, B, cur + 1);
}

3. 二进制法:当用二进制表示子集时,位运算中的按位与、或、异或对应集合的交、并和对称差。

输出子集$S$对应的各个元素:

void print_subset2(int n, int s){
    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
        if(s & (1 << i)) printf("%d ", i);
    printf("\n");
}

枚举子集:

for(int i = 0; i < (1 << n); ++i)
        print_subset2(n, i);

 Leetcode 78. Subsets

给一个包含不同整数的集合,返回其所有子集。

方法1:(recursive)

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> subsets(vector<int>& nums) {
        vector<vector<int>> subs;
        vector<int> sub;
        dfs(nums, 0, sub, subs);
        return subs;
    }

    void dfs(vector<int>& nums, int i, vector<int>& sub, vector<vector<int>>& subs){
        subs.push_back(sub);
        for(int j = i; j < nums.size(); ++j){
            sub.push_back(nums[j]);
            dfs(nums, j + 1, sub, subs);
            sub.pop_back();
        }
    }
};

方法2:位运算

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> subsets(vector<int>& nums) {
        int n = nums.size();
        vector<vector<int>> res;
        for(int i = 0; i < (1 << n); ++i){
            vector<int> cur;
            for(int j = 0; j < n; ++j){
                if(i & (1 << j))
                    cur.push_back(nums[j]);
            }
            res.push_back(cur);
        }
        return res;
    }
};

 方法3:(iterative)

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> subsets(vector<int>& nums) {
        vector<vector<int>> subs = {{}};
        for (int num : nums) {
            int n = subs.size();
            for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                subs.push_back(subs[i]);
                subs.back().push_back(num);
            }
        }
        return subs;
    }
}; 

 Leetcode 90. Subsets II

给定一个集合,包含重复元素,返回其所有子集。

方法1:(iterative)

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> subsetsWithDup(vector<int>& nums) {
        sort(nums.begin(), nums.end());
        vector<vector<int>> res = {{}};
        for(int i = 0; i < nums.size();){
            int cnt = 0, num = nums[i];
            while(i < nums.size() && nums[i] == num){
                i++;
                cnt++;
            }
            int size = res.size();
            for(int j = 0; j < size; ++j){
                vector<int> tmp = res[j];
                for(int k = 0; k < cnt; ++k){
                    tmp.push_back(num);
                    res.push_back(tmp);
                }
            }
        }
        return res;
    }
};

 方法2:(recursive)

class Solution {
public:
    vector<vector<int>> subsetsWithDup(vector<int>& nums) {
        sort(nums.begin(), nums.end());
        vector<vector<int>> subs;
        vector<int> sub;
        dfs(subs, sub, nums, 0);
        return subs;
    }

    void dfs(vector<vector<int>>& subs, vector<int>& sub, vector<int>& nums, int i){
        subs.push_back(sub);
        for(int j = i; j < nums.size(); ++j){
            if(j == i || nums[j] != nums[j - 1]){
                sub.push_back(nums[j]);
                dfs(subs, sub, nums, j + 1);
                sub.pop_back();
            }
        }
    }
};
02-10 23:29