目录
什么是子Shell
子Shell的概念其实是贯穿整个Shell的,如果想要更好的理解和写Shell脚本则必须要了解子Shell的相关知识。其概念如下所示:
- $BASH_SUBSHELL:查看从当前进程开始的子Shell层数
- $BASHPID:查看当前所处BASH的PID
在Linux系统中,系统运行的程序基本都是从CentOS 6.x(init)或CentOS7.x(systemd)PID为1的进程)继承而来的,所有的程序都可以看作为init的子进程。
# CentOS 6.x
[root@localhost data]# pstree -hp
init(1)─┬─NetworkManager(3643)
├─Xvnc(22811)
├─abrtd(4760)
├─acpid(3755)
├─atd(4801)
├─auditd(3392)───{auditd}(3393)
├─automount(3849)─┬─{automount}(3850)
│ ├─{automount}(3851)
│ ├─{automount}(3854)
│ └─{automount}(3857)
# CentOS 7.x
[root@localhost ~]# pstree -hp
systemd(1)─┬─ModemManager(1051)─┬─{ModemManager}(1068)
│ └─{ModemManager}(1076)
├─Xvnc(5563)─┬─{Xvnc}(5566)
│ ├─{Xvnc}(5567)
│ ├─{Xvnc}(5568)
子Shell产生的途径
通过后台作业:&
[root@localhost Test]# cat jobs.sh
#!/bin/bash
parentShell="ParentShell"
echo "Parent Shell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
# define subshell
{
echo "SubShell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
subShell="SubShell"
echo "SubShell value: ${subShell}"
echo "parentShell value: ${parentShell}"
# sleep 5
echo "SubShell end and Level: $BASH_SUBSHELL "
} & # running in backgroud
echo "Parent end and Level:$BASH_SUBSHELL"
if [ -z "${subShell}" ]
then
echo "subShell is not defined in ParentShell"
else
echo "subShell is defined in ParentShel"
fi
[root@localhost Test]# bash jobs.sh
Parent Shell start and Level:0
Parent end and Level:0
subShell is not defined in ParentShell
SubShell start and Level:1
SubShell value: SubShell
parentShell value: ParentShell
SubShell end and Level: 1
根据运行结果,结论如下所示:
- 在Shell中可以使用&产生子Shell
- 由&产生的子Shell可以直接引用父Shell的变量,而子Shell产生的变量不能被父Shell引用
- 在Shell中使用&可以实现多线程并发
通过管道:|
[root@localhost Test]# cat jobs.sh
#!/bin/bash
parentShell="ParentShell"
echo "Parent Shell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
# define subshell
echo "" | # 管道
{
echo "SubShell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
subShell="SubShell"
echo "SubShell value: ${subShell}"
echo "parentShell value: ${parentShell}"
# sleep 5
echo "SubShell end and Level: $BASH_SUBSHELL "
}
echo "Parent end and Level:$BASH_SUBSHELL"
if [ -z "${subShell}" ]
then
echo "subShell is not defined in ParentShell"
else
echo "subShell is defined in ParentShel"
fi
[root@localhost Test]# bash jobs.sh
Parent Shell start and Level:0
SubShell start and Level:1
SubShell value: SubShell
parentShell value: ParentShell
SubShell end and Level: 1
Parent end and Level:0
subShell is not defined in ParentShell
根据运行结果,结论如下所示:
- 在Shell中可以使用管道产生子Shell
- 由管道产生的子Shell可以直接引用父Shell的变量,而子Shell产生的变量不能被父Shell引用
- 由管道产生的Shell是顺序执行的,仅能在子Shell执行完成后才能返回父Shell中继续执行,这一点也是与&最大的区别。
通过()
[root@localhost Test]# cat jobs.sh
#!/bin/bash
parentShell="ParentShell"
echo "Parent Shell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
# define subshell
(
echo "SubShell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
subShell="SubShell"
echo "SubShell value: ${subShell}"
echo "parentShell value: ${parentShell}"
# sleep 5
echo "SubShell end and Level: $BASH_SUBSHELL "
)
echo "Parent end and Level:$BASH_SUBSHELL"
if [ -z "${subShell}" ]
then
echo "subShell is not defined in ParentShell"
else
echo "subShell is defined in ParentShel"
fi
[root@localhost Test]# bash jobs.sh
Parent Shell start and Level:0
SubShell start and Level:1
SubShell value: SubShell
parentShell value: ParentShell
SubShell end and Level: 1
Parent end and Level:0
subShell is not defined in ParentShell
根据运行结果,结论如下所示:
- 在Shell中可以使用()产生子Shell
- 由()产生的子Shell可以直接引用父Shell的变量,而子Shell产生的变量不能被父Shell引用
- 由()产生的Shell是顺序执行的,仅能在子Shell执行完成后才能返回父Shell中继续执行,
通过调用外部Shell
[root@localhost Test]# cat subShell.sh parentShell.sh -n
# SubShell
1 #!/bin/bash
2 echo "SubShell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
3 subShell="SubShell"
4 echo "SubShell value: ${subShell}"
5 echo "parentShell value: ${parentShell}"
6 echo "parentExportShell value: ${parentExportShell}"
7 if [ -z "${parentShell}" ];then
8 echo "parentShell value is : null"
9 else
10 echo "parentShell value is : "${parentShell}
11 fi
12
13 # ParentShell
14 #!/bin/bash
15 parentShell="Parent"
16 export parentExportShell="parentExportShell"
17 echo "Parent Shell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
18 bash ./subShell.sh # invoke subshell
19 sleep 3
20 echo "Parent Shell end and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
21 if [ -z "${subShell}" ]
22 then
23 echo "subShell is not defined in ParentShell"
24 else
25 echo "subShell is defined in ParentShell"
26 fi
[root@localhost Test]# bash parentShell.sh
Parent Shell start and Level:0
SubShell start and Level:0
SubShell value: SubShell
parentShell value:
parentExportShell value: parentExportShell
parentShell value is : null
Parent Shell end and Level:0
subShell is not defined in ParentShell
根据运行结果,结论如下所示:
- 在Shell中可以通过外部Shell脚本产生子Shell
- 在调用外部Shell时,父Shell定义的变量不能被子Shell继承,如果要继承父Shell的变量,必须使用export使其成为全局环境变量。
- 调用外部Shell产生的Shell是顺序执行的,仅能在子Shell执行完成后才能返回父Shell中继续执行,
Shell脚本调用模式
通常在大型的项目中,都会将较大模块进行拆分为多个小模块进行代码编写调试等。因此在一个Shell脚本中也不可能包含所有模块,一般都采用在一个脚本中去调用当前用到的脚本,这种被称之为Shell嵌套。在一个脚本中嵌套脚本的方式主要有fork、exec和source。
fork模式调用脚本
fork模式是最普通的脚本调用方式。在使用该方式调用脚本时,系统会创建一个子Shell去调用脚本。其调用方式如下所示:
/bin/bash /path/shellscript.sh # 未给脚本添加执行权限时
或
/path/shellscript.sh # 脚本拥有执行权限时
exec模式调用脚本
exec调用脚本时,不会开启一个新的子Shell来进行调用脚本,被调用的脚本和调用脚本在同一个Shell内执行。但需要注意的是使用exec调用新脚本后,在执行完新脚本的内容后,不再返回到调用脚本中执行后续未执行的内容,这也是与fork调用脚本的主要区别。其主要调用方式如下所示:
exec /path/shellscript.sh
source模式调用脚本
source调用脚本时,也不会开启一个新的子Shell来执行被调用的脚本,同样也是在同一个Shell中执行,因此被调用脚本是可以继承调用脚本的变量、环境变量等。与exec调用方式的区别是,source在执行完被调用脚本的内容后,依然会返回调用脚本中,去执行调用脚本中未执行的内容。其主要调用方式如下所示:
source /path/shellscript.sh
或
. /path/shellscript.sh # .和source是等价的
三种调用模式示例
示例代码如下所示:
[root@localhost Test]# cat -n subShell.sh parentShell.sh
1 #!/bin/bash
2 echo "SubShell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
3 echo "SubShell PID is:" $$
4 subShell="SubShell"
5 echo "SubShell value: ${subShell}"
6 echo "parentShell value: ${parentShell}"
7 echo "parentExportShell value: ${parentExportShell}"
8 if [ -z "${parentShell}" ];then
9 echo "parentShell value is : null"
10 else
11 echo "parentShell value is : "${parentShell}
12 fi
13 #!/bin/bash
14 # print usage
15 function Usage() {
16 echo "Usage:$0 {fork|exec|source}"
17 exit 1
18 }
19 # print return variable
20 function PrintPara() {
21 if [ -z "${subShell}" ]
22 then
23 echo "subShell is not defined in ParentShell"
24 else
25 echo "subShell is defined in ParentShell "${subShell}
26 fi
27 }
28 # invoke pattern
29 function ParentFunction() {
30 parentShell="Parent"
31 export parentExportShell="parentExportShell"
32 echo "Parent Shell start and Level:"$BASH_SUBSHELL
33 echo "Parent PID is:"$$
34 case "$1" in
35 fork)
36 echo "Using fork pattern"
37 /bin/bash ./subShell.sh
38 PrintPara ;;
39 exec)
40 echo "Using exec pattern"
41 exec ./subShell.sh
42 PrintPara ;;
43 source)
44 echo "Using source pattern"
45 source ./subShell.sh
46 PrintPara ;;
47 *)
48 echo "Input error ,usage is:" Usage
49 esac
50 }
51 # check parameter number
52 function CheckInputPara() {
53 if [ $# -ne 1 ]
54 then
55 Usage
56 fi
57 ParentFunction $*
58 }
59 CheckInputPara $*
1、fork调用结果:
[root@localhost Test]# bash parentShell.sh fork
Parent Shell start and Level:0
Parent PID is:26413
Using fork pattern
SubShell start and Level:0
SubShell PID is: 26414
SubShell value: SubShell
parentShell value:
parentExportShell value: parentExportShell
parentShell value is : null
subShell is not defined in ParentShell
2、exec调用结果:
[root@localhost Test]# chmod +x subShell.sh
[root@localhost Test]# bash parentShell.sh exec
Parent Shell start and Level:0
Parent PID is:25543
Using exec pattern
SubShell start and Level:0
SubShell PID is: 25543
SubShell value: SubShell
parentShell value:
parentExportShell value: parentExportShell
parentShell value is : null
3、source调用结果:
[root@localhost Test]# bash parentShell.sh source
Parent Shell start and Level:0
Parent PID is:19955
Using source pattern
SubShell start and Level:0
SubShell PID is: 19955
SubShell value: SubShell
parentShell value: Parent
parentExportShell value: parentExportShell
parentShell value is : Parent
subShell is defined in ParentShell: SubShell
三种调用模式使用场景
- 1、fork模式使用场景
- 2、exec模式使用场景
- 3、source模式使用场景
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