rust - 在Rust中实现Fn(＆something)的特征

This question already has answers here:

Implementing a trait for closures results in bound/concrete lifetime mismatch
（3个答案）
两年前关闭。
下面是要为Runnable实现Fn()的工作示例（这样我们就可以直接将a&closure传递给run_the_runnable函数）：

trait Runnable {
    fn run(&self);
}

impl<F> Runnable for F where F: Fn() {
    fn run(&self) {
        self();
    }
}

fn run_the_runnable(runnable: &Runnable) {
    runnable.run();
}

fn main() {
    // runnable without parameters
    struct MyRunnable;
    impl Runnable for MyRunnable {
        fn run(&self) {
            println!("Hello from MyRunnable");
        }
    }

    // from struct instance (WORKS)
    run_the_runnable(&MyRunnable);

    // from closure (WORKS)
    run_the_runnable(&|| {
        println!("Hello from run() closure");
    });
}

（Rust playground）
现在，让我们将runnablerun()方法更改为接受引用参数（&i32），并实现Fn(&i32)：

trait Runnable {
    fn run(&self, x: &i32);
}

impl<F> Runnable for F where F: Fn(&i32) {
    fn run(&self, x: &i32) {
        self(x);
    }
}

fn run_the_runnable(runnable: &Runnable, x: &i32) {
    runnable.run(x);
}

fn main() {
    // runnable without parameters
    struct MyRunnable;
    impl Runnable for MyRunnable {
        fn run(&self, x: &i32) {
            println!("Hello from MyRunnable {}", x);
        }
    }

    let x = 42;

    // from struct instance (WORKS)
    run_the_runnable(&MyRunnable, &x);

    // from closure (DOES NOT WORK)
    run_the_runnable(&|x| {
        println!("Hello from run(&i32) closure {}", x);
    }, &x);
}

（Rust playground）
通过关闭不再起作用：

error[E0271]: type mismatch resolving `for<'r> <[closure@<anon>:30:27: 32:10] as std::ops::FnOnce<(&'r i32,)>>::Output == ()`
  --> <anon>:30:26
   |
30 |           run_the_runnable(&|x| {
   |  __________________________^ starting here...
31 | |             println!("Hello from run(&i32) closure {}", x);
32 | |         }, &x);
   | |_________^ ...ending here: expected bound lifetime parameter , found concrete lifetime
   |
   = note: concrete lifetime that was found is lifetime '_#63r
   = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `Runnable` for `[closure@<anon>:30:27: 32:10]`
   = note: required for the cast to the object type `Runnable`

error[E0281]: type mismatch: the type `[closure@<anon>:30:27: 32:10]` implements the trait `std::ops::Fn<(_,)>`, but the trait `for<'r> std::ops::Fn<(&'r i32,)>` is required (expected concrete lifetime, found bound lifetime parameter )
  --> <anon>:30:26
   |
30 |           run_the_runnable(&|x| {
   |  __________________________^ starting here...
31 | |             println!("Hello from run(&i32) closure {}", x);
32 | |         }, &x);
   | |_________^ ...ending here
   |
   = note: required because of the requirements on the impl of `Runnable` for `[closure@<anon>:30:27: 32:10]`
   = note: required for the cast to the object type `Runnable`

关于这个错误有很多问题：
Expected concrete lifetime, found bound lifetime parameter when storing a fn in a struct
Expected bound lifetime parameter, found concrete lifetime
Rust lifetime error expected concrete lifetime but found bound lifetime
…
但我仍然无法解决这个具体的一生问题。

最佳答案

正如acomment中所建议的，在闭包参数中给出显式类型可以解决问题：

@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@ fn main() {
     // from struct instance (WORKS)
     run_the_runnable(&MyRunnable, &x);

-    // from closure (DOES NOT WORK)
-    run_the_runnable(&|x| {
+    // from closure with annotated type (WORKS)
+    run_the_runnable(&|x: &i32| {
         println!("Hello from run(&i32) closure {}", x);
     }, &x);
 }

（Rust playground）