一、什么是SPI
SPI ，全称为 Service Provider Interface，是一种服务发现机制。它通过在ClassPath路径下的META-INF/services文件夹查找文件，自动加载文件里所定义的类。
SPI 的本质是将接口实现类的全限定名配置在文件中，并由服务加载器读取配置文件，加载实现类。这样可以在运行时，动态为接口替换实现类。正因此特性，我们可以很容易的通过 SPI 机制为我们的程序提供拓展功能。SPI 机制在第三方框架中也有所应用，比如 Dubbo 就是通过 SPI 机制加载所有的组件。不过，Dubbo 并未使用 Java 原生的 SPI 机制，而是对其进行了增强，使其能够更好的满足需求。在 Dubbo 中，SPI 是一个非常重要的模块。基于 SPI，我们可以很容易的对 Dubbo 进行拓展。如果大家想要学习 Dubbo 的源码，SPI 机制务必弄懂。
这一机制为很多框架扩展提供了可能，比如在Dubbo、JDBC中都使用到了SPI机制。我们先通过一个很简单的例子来看下它是怎么用的。
JAVA SPI:sun.misc.Servicejava.util.ServiceLoader
public final class ServiceLoader<S>
implements Iterable<S>
{
private static final String PREFIX = "META-INF/services/";
// The class or interface representing the service being loaded
private final Class<S> service;
// The class loader used to locate, load, and instantiate providers
private final ClassLoader loader;
// The access control context taken when the ServiceLoader is created
private final AccessControlContext acc;
// Cached providers, in instantiation order
private LinkedHashMap<String,S> providers = new LinkedHashMap<>();
// The current lazy-lookup iterator
private LazyIterator lookupIterator;
/**
* Clear this loader's provider cache so that all providers will be
* reloaded.
*
* <p> After invoking this method, subsequent invocations of the {@link
* #iterator() iterator} method will lazily look up and instantiate
* providers from scratch, just as is done by a newly-created loader.
*
* <p> This method is intended for use in situations in which new providers
* can be installed into a running Java virtual machine.
*/
public void reload() {
providers.clear();
lookupIterator = new LazyIterator(service, loader);
}
private ServiceLoader(Class<S> svc, ClassLoader cl) {
service = Objects.requireNonNull(svc, "Service interface cannot be null");
loader = (cl == null) ? ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader() : cl;
acc = (System.getSecurityManager() != null) ? AccessController.getContext() : null;
reload();
}
...........Dubbo SPI:com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.ExtensionLoader
/**
* Load dubbo extensions
* <ul>
* <li>auto inject dependency extension </li>
* <li>auto wrap extension in wrapper </li>
* <li>default extension is an adaptive instance</li>
* </ul>
*
* @see <a href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jar/jar.html#Service%20Provider">Service Provider in Java 5</a>
* @see com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.SPI
* @see com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Adaptive
* @see com.alibaba.dubbo.common.extension.Activate
*/
public class ExtensionLoader<T> {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(ExtensionLoader.class);
private static final String SERVICES_DIRECTORY = "META-INF/services/";
private static final String DUBBO_DIRECTORY = "META-INF/dubbo/";
private static final String DUBBO_INTERNAL_DIRECTORY = DUBBO_DIRECTORY + "internal/";
private static final Pattern NAME_SEPARATOR = Pattern.compile("\\s*[,]+\\s*");
private static final ConcurrentMap<Class<?>, ExtensionLoader<?>> EXTENSION_LOADERS = new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>, ExtensionLoader<?>>();
private static final ConcurrentMap<Class<?>, Object> EXTENSION_INSTANCES = new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>, Object>();
// ==============================
private final Class<?> type;
private final ExtensionFactory objectFactory;
private final ConcurrentMap<Class<?>, String> cachedNames = new ConcurrentHashMap<Class<?>, String>();
private final Holder<Map<String, Class<?>>> cachedClasses = new Holder<Map<String, Class<?>>>();
private final Map<String, Activate> cachedActivates = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Activate>();
private final ConcurrentMap<String, Holder<Object>> cachedInstances = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, Holder<Object>>();
private final Holder<Object> cachedAdaptiveInstance = new Holder<Object>();
private volatile Class<?> cachedAdaptiveClass = null;
private String cachedDefaultName;
private volatile Throwable createAdaptiveInstanceError;
private Set<Class<?>> cachedWrapperClasses;
private Map<String, IllegalStateException> exceptions = new ConcurrentHashMap<String, IllegalStateException>();
private ExtensionLoader(Class<?> type) {
this.type = type;
objectFactory = (type == ExtensionFactory.class ? null : ExtensionLoader.getExtensionLoader(ExtensionFactory.class).getAdaptiveExtension());
}
...........Spring SPI:org.springframework.core.io.support.SpringFactoriesLoader
/**
* General purpose factory loading mechanism for internal use within the framework.
*
* <p>{@code SpringFactoriesLoader} {@linkplain #loadFactories loads} and instantiates
* factories of a given type from {@value #FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION} files which
* may be present in multiple JAR files in the classpath. The {@code spring.factories}
* file must be in {@link Properties} format, where the key is the fully qualified
* name of the interface or abstract class, and the value is a comma-separated list of
* implementation class names. For example:
*
* <pre class="code">example.MyService=example.MyServiceImpl1,example.MyServiceImpl2</pre>
*
* where {@code example.MyService} is the name of the interface, and {@code MyServiceImpl1}
* and {@code MyServiceImpl2} are two implementations.
*
* @author Arjen Poutsma
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @author Sam Brannen
* @since 3.2
*/
public final class SpringFactoriesLoader {
/**
* The location to look for factories.
* <p>Can be present in multiple JAR files.
*/
public static final String FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION = "META-INF/spring.factories";
private static final Log logger = LogFactory.getLog(SpringFactoriesLoader.class);
private static final Map<ClassLoader, MultiValueMap<String, String>> cache = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>();
private SpringFactoriesLoader() {
}
/**
* Load and instantiate the factory implementations of the given type from
* {@value #FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION}, using the given class loader.
* <p>The returned factories are sorted through {@link AnnotationAwareOrderComparator}.
* <p>If a custom instantiation strategy is required, use {@link #loadFactoryNames}
* to obtain all registered factory names.
* @param factoryClass the interface or abstract class representing the factory
* @param classLoader the ClassLoader to use for loading (can be {@code null} to use the default)
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if any factory implementation class cannot
* be loaded or if an error occurs while instantiating any factory
* @see #loadFactoryNames
*/
public static <T> List<T> loadFactories(Class<T> factoryClass, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
Assert.notNull(factoryClass, "'factoryClass' must not be null");
ClassLoader classLoaderToUse = classLoader;
if (classLoaderToUse == null) {
classLoaderToUse = SpringFactoriesLoader.class.getClassLoader();
}
List<String> factoryNames = loadFactoryNames(factoryClass, classLoaderToUse);
if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
logger.trace("Loaded [" + factoryClass.getName() + "] names: " + factoryNames);
}
List<T> result = new ArrayList<>(factoryNames.size());
for (String factoryName : factoryNames) {
result.add(instantiateFactory(factoryName, factoryClass, classLoaderToUse));
}
AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(result);
return result;
}
/**
* Load the fully qualified class names of factory implementations of the
* given type from {@value #FACTORIES_RESOURCE_LOCATION}, using the given
* class loader.
* @param factoryClass the interface or abstract class representing the factory
* @param classLoader the ClassLoader to use for loading resources; can be
* {@code null} to use the default
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if an error occurs while loading factory names
* @see #loadFactories
*/
public static List<String> loadFactoryNames(Class<?> factoryClass, @Nullable ClassLoader classLoader) {
String factoryClassName = factoryClass.getName();
return loadSpringFactories(classLoader).getOrDefault(factoryClassName, Collections.emptyList());
}
.......
https://www.jianshu.com/p/3a3edbcd8f24
http://dubbo.apache.org/zh-cn/docs/source_code_guide/dubbo-spi.html
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/guide/jar/jar.html#Service%20Provider
注意：如果使用DataSource并指定了DriverClassName，则实验不生效
@see
com.zaxxer.hikari.util.DriverDataSource#DriverDataSource
java.sql.DriverManager#getDrivers