2019-12-23

 注意父目录及其子目录、文件的权限设置,可能会导致无法查看文件内容的(难点),已掌握


系统用户权限管理知识概述


1)操作系统权限概念说明
2)操作系统默认权限设置(调整权限)
3)操作系统读取数据原理
4)操作系统特殊权限说明(setuid setgid 粘滞位)
5)操作系统用户提权配置(sudo)
6)操作系统用户相关命令
7)操作系统用户相关文件(普通文件/目录文件)

一操作系统文件权限概念

操作系统基本权限:rwx
操作系统权限划分:属主   属组     其他用户


对于一个普通文件:
r:是否可以查看文件内容(是否可以查看block)
w:是否可以编辑文件内容(是否可以改写block)

需要r权限配合,vim打开时,要强制保存内容(x!),会导致源文件内容清空
x:是否可以运行文件里面的命令或者脚本

情形一:文件权限为r,只有读取权限

[root@centos71 test]# cat  /test/test.sh
whoami
[root@centos71 test]# ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7 Dec 23 19:51 /test/test.sh
[root@centos71 test]# pwd
/test

进入到普通用户进行测试

[root@centos71 ~]# su  - wang
Last login: Mon Dec 23 12:21:24 CST 2019 on pts/3
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll -d  /test/test.sh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7 Dec 23 19:51 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll   /test/test.sh
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7 Dec 23 19:51 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /test/test.sh
whoami
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo  'hostname'  >>  /test/test.sh
-bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ /test/test.sh
-bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang

情形二:文件权限为rw,有读取和写入权限


[root@centos71 test]# chmod   o+w   /test/test.sh
[root@centos71 test]# ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r--rw-. 1 root root 7 Dec 23 19:51 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll   /test/test.sh
-rw-r--rw-. 1 root root 7 Dec 23 19:51 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat /test/test.sh
whoami
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo  'hostname'  >>  /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat /test/test.sh
whoami
hostname
[wang@centos71 ~]$ /test/test.sh
-bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied

情形三:文件权限为rx,有读取和执行权限

[root@centos71 test]# chmod   o-w   /test/test.sh
[root@centos71 test]# chmod   o+x   /test/test.sh
[root@centos71 test]# ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r--r-x. 1 root root 16 Dec 23 19:59 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll   /test/test.sh
-rw-r--r-x. 1 root root 16 Dec 23 19:59 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo  'pwd'  >>  /test/test.sh
-bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ /test/test.sh
wang
centos71.com

情形四:文件权限为w,只有写入权限

[root@centos71 test]# chmod   642   /test/test.sh
[root@centos71 test]# ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r---w-. 1 root root 16 Dec 23 19:59 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll   /test/test.sh
-rw-r---w-. 1 root root 16 Dec 23 19:59 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /test/test.sh
cat: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo  'hostname'  >  /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r---w-. 1 root root 9 Dec 23 20:21 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ /test/test.sh
-bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ 

注意虽然之前输入了内容,但是使用vim编辑,无内容显示

可以看出之前文件是有内容的

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r---w-. 1 root root 9 Dec 23 20:18 /test/test.sh

情形五:文件权限为rw,有写入和读取权限

[root@centos71 test]# ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r---w-. 1 root root 9 Dec 23 20:21 /test/test.sh
[root@centos71 test]# chmod   646  /test/test.sh
[root@centos71 test]# ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r--rw-. 1 root root 9 Dec 23 20:21 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r--rw-. 1 root root 13 Dec 23 20:25 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /test/test.sh
hostname
pwd
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo  'pwd'  >>  /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /test/test.sh
hostname
pwd
pwd
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r--rw-. 1 root root 17 Dec 23 20:26 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ /test/test.sh
-bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied

注意此时正常打开文件,文件内容没有被覆盖

情形六:文件权限为wx,只有写权限

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r---wx. 1 root root 17 Dec 23 20:26 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /test/test.sh
cat: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo   'hostname'  >  /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ /test/test.sh
bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied

打开文件,文件内容被覆盖

但是文件原来确实有内容

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r---wx. 1 root root 9 Dec 23 20:29 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ 

情形七:文件权限为x,无任何权限

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test/test.sh
-rw-r----x. 1 root root 9 Dec 23 20:29 /test/test.sh
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /test/test.sh
cat: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo   'hostname'  >  /test/test.sh
-bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ /test/test.sh
bash: /test/test.sh: Permission denied

打开文件,文件内容被覆盖

文件权限总结

1)文件没有任何权限
root用户:可写可编辑,但是不能执行
属主用户:可写但会覆盖原有内容
其他用户:没有任何权限


2)文件只是拥有读权限
root用户和属主用户:可以编辑和查看文件信息
其他用户:只能查看信息,不能编辑

root用户可以随意查看和编辑任意文件信息,不受到权限限制

文件的权限中,读权限是最重要,rw配合正常编写文件;rx配合正常执行文件。

属主权限:6(rw)   属组权限4(r)     其他用户(r)---默认文件权限644

注意把文件写成脚本变成可执行文件,这样可以对应权限的执行权限。

二操作系统目录权限概念


r:是否可以查看目录下面数据信息(子目录或者文件)
w:是否可以在目录下删除/添加/重命名文件信息(子目录或者文件)
x:目录是否可以进行切换(cd切换到子目录下)

情形一:目录只有r权限

[root@centos71 ~]# mkdir  /test3/teststy  -pv
mkdir: created directory ‘/test3’
mkdir: created directory ‘/test3/teststy’
[root@centos71 ~]# touch   /test3/teststy/happy{01..5}.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# ls  /test3/teststy
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# tree  /test3/teststy
/test3/teststy
├── happy01.txt
├── happy02.txt
├── happy03.txt
├── happy04.txt
└── happy05.txt

0 directories, 5 files
[root@centos71 ~]# tree  /test3/
/test3/
└── teststy
    ├── happy01.txt
    ├── happy02.txt
    ├── happy03.txt
    ├── happy04.txt
    └── happy05.txt

1 directory, 5 files
[root@centos71 ~]# ll -d   /test3/teststy
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# id wang
uid=1020(wang) gid=1020(wang) groups=1020(wang)
[root@centos71 ~]# chown  wang.wang     /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ll -d   /test3/teststy
drwxr-xr-x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# 
[root@centos71 ~]# ll -d   /test3/teststy
drwxr-xr-x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# chmod   445   /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ll -d   /test3/teststy
dr--r--r-x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# 

不能进入到目录里面,所有更不能修改、删除、、创建目录里面的文件

[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll -d   /test3/teststy
dr--r--r-x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy  -l
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
total 0
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy01.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy02.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy03.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy04.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy05.txt

情形二:目录只有w权限

[root@centos71 ~]# chmod   245   /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ll -d   /test3/teststy
d-w-r--r-x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy  -ld
d-w-r--r-x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd   /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/*’: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ touch   /test3/teststy/happy.txt
touch: cannot touch ‘/test3/teststy/happy.txt’: Permission denied

情形三:目录只有x权限

可以进入到目录里面,但是不能修改、删除、创建目录里面的文件

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy  -ld
d--xr--r-x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll    /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls    /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ echo   'hostname'  >  /test3/teststy/happy01.txt
-bash: /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/happy01.txt
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy01.txt’: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  -lih
total 0
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  -lih    /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ll
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied

划分成三个用户详细分析权限

                      目录没有权限          拥有读权限          拥有写权限                拥有执行权限
    root用户:  可读 可写 可执行      可读 可写 可执行    可读 可写 可执行          可读 可写 可执行
    属主用户:  没有任何能力          只能看数据名称      没有任何能力              可以切换到目录中
    其他用户:  没有任何能力          只能看数据名称      没有任何能力              可以切换到目录中

一目录没有任何权限

 root用户:  可读 可写 可执行

[root@centos71 ~]# chmod  000   /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ll -d   /test3/teststy
d---------. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 20:52 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# cd  /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 20:52 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 20:52 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 20:52 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 20:52 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 20:52 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# rm  -f  happy0*
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll
total 0
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll -d
d---------. 2 wang wang 6 Dec 23 21:18 .
[root@centos71 teststy]# touch   happy{01..5}.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# whoami
root

属主用户:  没有任何能力   

[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/*’: Permission denied

其他用户:  没有任何能力

[root@centos71 ~]# id  zhao
uid=1040(zhao) gid=1040(zhao) groups=1040(zhao)
[root@centos71 ~]# su  -  zhao
Last login: Mon Dec 23 09:08:16 CST 2019 on pts/2
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ whoami
zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  -d  /test3/teststy
d---------. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:19 /test3/teststy
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/*’: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ 

二目录只有读取权限

root用户:  可读 可写 可执行

[root@centos71 ~]# chmod  444   /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ll  -d   /test3/teststy
dr--r--r--. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:19 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ls  /test3/teststy
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# ll  /test3/teststy
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:19 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# cd  /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# rm  -rf  *
[root@centos71 teststy]# touch  happy{01..5}.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# 

属主只能看目录下的文件名称

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll -d   /test3/teststy
dr--r--r--. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:25 /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll    /test3/teststy
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
total 0
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy01.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy02.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy03.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy04.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy05.txt
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy01.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy02.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy03.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy04.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy05.txt’: Permission denied

其他用户只能看目录下的文件名称

[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  -d  /test3/teststy
dr--r--r--. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:25 /test3/teststy
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
total 0
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy01.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy02.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy03.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy04.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy05.txt
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy01.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy02.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy03.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy04.txt’: Permission denied
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/happy05.txt’: Permission denied

三目录只有写入权限

root用户:   可读 可写 可执行

[root@centos71 ~]# chmod  222   /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ll  -d   /test3/teststy
d-w--w--w-. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:25 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ls  /test3/teststy
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# ll  /test3/teststy
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:25 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# cd  /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# rm  -rf  *
[root@centos71 teststy]# touch  happy{01..5}.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# whoami
root

属主用户:  没有任何能力  

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll -d   /test3/teststy
d-w--w--w-. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:31 /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll   /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/*’: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang

其他用户: 没有任何能力 

[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  -d  /test3/teststy
d-w--w--w-. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:31 /test3/teststy
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
-bash: cd: /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/test3/teststy/*’: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ whoami
zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ 

四目录只有执行权限

root用户:可读 可写 可执行

[root@centos71 ~]# chmod   111  /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ll  -d   /test3/teststy
d--x--x--x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:31 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 ~]# ls  /test3/teststy
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# ll  /test3/teststy
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:31 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# cd  /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# rm  -rf  *
[root@centos71 teststy]# touch  happy{01..5}.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ls
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# cd
[root@centos71 ~]# whoami
root
[root@centos71 ~]# pwd
/root

属主用户:可以切换到目录里面,不能删除文件

[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll -d   /test3/teststy
d--x--x--x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:36 /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls   /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll   /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ll
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ll
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied

其他用户:可以切换到目录里面,不能删除文件

[zhao@centos71 ~]$ whoami
zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  -d  /test3/teststy
d--x--x--x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:36 /test3/teststy
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test3/teststy
ls: cannot open directory /test3/teststy: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ cd  /test3/teststy
[zhao@centos71 teststy]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 teststy]$ rm  -rf  /test3/teststy/*
[zhao@centos71 teststy]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied



[root@centos71 ~]# ll  /test3/teststy
total 0
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy05.txt

目录文件权限总结:


    1) 目录没有任何权限:
       root用户: 属于无敌存在,想干什么干什么
       属主用户: 什么都做不了
       其他用户: 什么都做不了


    2) 目录只是拥有读权限:
       root用户: 属于无敌存在,想干什么干什么
       属主用户: 只能查看文件名称, 不能查看文件属性???  (上一级目录没有执行权限)
       其他用户: 只能查看文件名称, 不能查看文件属性???  (上一级目录没有执行权限)
       


    最终总结:
    1) root用户可以随意查看和编辑任意目录信息, 不受到权限限制
    2) 目录的执行权限是最重要,rx配合能正常查看目录下面的子目录和文件信息,wx配合能正常在目录中创建/删除/重命名数据信息
      
 
    属主权限: 7 (rwx)  属组权限5(rx)  其他用户5(rx)  --- 默认目录权限755
    

三操作系统读取数据原理(inode block)

对于文件

inode是存储文件的属性和指针信息,block: 存储文件数据内容

文件读权限: 可以查看文件内容信息(获取指针信息)
文件写权限: 可以编辑文件内容信息  --> rw权限
对于文件,打开文件就是看文件的block的内容了,也就是文件内容

对于目录


inode: 存储目录属性信息/指针信息
block: 目录下面数据名称信息
目录执行权限: 可以进入到目录中,获取目录指针信息
目录读权限:   可以查看目录中数据信息,也就是查看目录下的文件名称信息,包括目录的block信息

对于目录,查看其block,使用vim就可以查看

[root@centos71 teststy]# vim   ./
[root@centos71 teststy]# cd ..
[root@centos71 test3]# pwd
/test3
[root@centos71 test3]# vim  ./

对文件的处理是有过程的,就像到亲戚家做客,中间会经过很多路,如果正在修路会受影响

要关注起点过程和终点

以/test3/teststy/happy01.txt 文件为例

[root@centos71 ~]# tree /test3/teststy/
/test3/teststy/
├── happy01.txt
├── happy02.txt
├── happy03.txt
├── happy04.txt
└── happy05.txt

0 directories, 5 files
[root@centos71 ~]# ls  /test3/teststy/happy01.txt
/test3/teststy/happy01.txt

对文件关注应该从/开始,/有inode信息,存储的是其属性信息

最重要的是权限信息

权限是555,最核心的是x执行权限,这样就保证了属组和其他人可以进入到此目录

要看目录里面的文件信息,包括子目录和文件,就需要读的权限

读取和执行权限都有了,就会获取到指针信息

指针信息的作用就是指引我们去找/目录的block信息

没有读就无法获取属性信息,指针信息才可以看block,就可以看到目录的数据

[root@centos71 ~]# ll  -d  /
dr-xr-xr-x. 28 root root 4096 Dec 23 20:52 /

通过block看到/下面有子目录/test3就可以继续往下面走

否则就会报错,没有此文件或者目录

通过下面方式查看到有test目录,路就可以往下面走了

[root@centos71 ~]# vim  ./

进入到test3目录,和/目录一样,要关注其inode,也就是关注其属性信息

注意属主是root,其他人也有读取和执行权限,可以看到指针信息和block,也就可以看到/test目录里面的文件和子目录信息了

[root@centos71 ~]# cd  /test3
[root@centos71 test3]# pwd
/test3
[root@centos71 test3]# vim  ./
[root@centos71 test3]# ls
teststy
[root@centos71 test3]# ll  -d
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 21 Dec 24 09:22 .
[root@centos71 test3]# ll
total 0
d--x--x--x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:51 teststy

按照前面的方法进入到下一级目录,这时候要关注文件的权限信息

[root@centos71 test3]# cd  teststy/
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll  -d
d--x--x--x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 23 21:51 .
[root@centos71 teststy]# vim  ./
" ============================================================================                          
" Netrw Directory Listing                                        (netrw v149)
"   /test3/teststy
"   Sorted by      name
"   Sort sequence: [\/]$,\<core\%(\.\d\+\)\=\>,\.h$,\.c$,\.cpp$,\~\=\*$,*,\.o$,\.obj$,\.info$,\.swp$,\.b
"   Quick Help: <F1>:help  -:go up dir  D:delete  R:rename  s:sort-by  x:exec
" ============================================================================
../
./
happy01.txt
happy02.txt
happy03.txt
happy04.txt
happy05.txt
.swp
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7 Dec 24 09:27 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy05.txt
[root@centos71 teststy]# pwd
/test3/teststy

wang用户作为其他人,只能进入到目录/test3/teststy/里面,但是无法查看文件的内容

[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /test3/teststy/  -d
d--x--x--x. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 24 09:27 /test3/teststy/
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd   /test3/teststy/
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ls
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ ll
ls: cannot open directory .: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 teststy]$ 

文件只有读权限,只能查看文件名称,不能查看文件属性的原因分析


root用户:属于无敌存在,想干什么干什么

属主用户:只能查看文件名称不能查看文件属性???

其他用户:只能查看文件名称,不能查看文件属性???

[root@centos71 teststy]# chmod  444   /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll  /test3/teststy  -d
dr--r--r--. 2 wang wang 101 Dec 24 09:27 /test3/teststy
[root@centos71 teststy]# ll  /test3/teststy
total 4
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 7 Dec 24 09:27 happy01.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy02.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy03.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy04.txt
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Dec 23 21:36 happy05.txt

r可以读取到指针信息以及block信息,那么就可以看到此目录里面的数据信息

文件的属性信息为???说明没有读取到,因为其存储到文件的inode里面

但是wang没有x执行权限进入到/test3/teststy/目录里面,也就无法查看到此目录里面的文件的inode信息了

那么就无法查看到目录下面文件的属性信息,得不到指针信息和block信息

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /test3/teststy/
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
happy01.txt  happy02.txt  happy03.txt  happy04.txt  happy05.txt
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll   /test3/teststy/
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy02.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy03.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy04.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy05.txt: Permission denied
ls: cannot access /test3/teststy/happy01.txt: Permission denied
total 0
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy01.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy02.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy03.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy04.txt
-????????? ? ? ? ?            ? happy05.txt
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang

四操作系统权限设置方法

(一)系统数据默认权限


创建一个文件:          默认权限644
创建一个目录:          默认权限755
umask                     查看默认权限运算数值/改变默认权限
默认文件权限:          666          -                                  umask  =    666                      -  022  =  644
666                    -            044                                =      622  umask偶数正常运算
666                    -            033                                =      644  umask奇数正常运算之后+1
默认目录权限:          777          -                                  umask  =    777                      -  022  =  755
777                    -            044                                =      733
777                    -            033                                =      744

注意对于文件的权限,umask是偶数,正常运算;奇数,正常运算之后+1

[root@centos71 ~]# whoami
root
[root@centos71 ~]# pwd
/root
[root@centos71 ~]# umask
0022
[wang@centos71 test]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 test]$ umask
0002

上面的设置由此文件决定

[root@centos71 ~]# vim  /etc/profile
# By default, we want umask to get set. This sets it for login shell
# Current threshold for system reserved uid/gids is 200
# You could check uidgid reservation validity in
# /usr/share/doc/setup-*/uidgid file
if [ $UID -gt 199 ] && [ "`/usr/bin/id -gn`" = "`/usr/bin/id -un`" ]; then
    umask 002
else
    umask 022
fi

$UID -gt 199

判断当前登录用户UID是否大于199

[root@centos71 ~]# id  root
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
[root@centos71 ~]# id  wang
uid=1020(wang) gid=1020(wang) groups=1020(wang)

/usr/bin/id -gn

判断登录用户名称和组名称是否一致

[root@centos71 ~]# id  -g
0
[root@centos71 ~]# id  -gn
root
[root@centos71 ~]# id  -n
id: cannot print only names or real IDs in default format
[root@centos71 ~]# id  -u
0
[root@centos71 ~]# id  -n
id: cannot print only names or real IDs in default format
[root@centos71 ~]# id  -un
root

五操作系统数据权限设置


(一)直接修改数据权限

注意权限不能过宽,否则可能会被黑客攻击,保证数据的安全性

chmod u/g/o+/-/=---针对不同用户设置权限
chmod a+/-/----针对所有用户统一设置权限
chmod 755---针对所有用户设置权限
chmod-Rxxx--递归设置权限(慎用)

(二)修改数据属主用户


chown属主信息   数据信息
chown属组信息   数据信息
chown属主信息   属组信息数据信息

chown   -R     属主信息.属组信息   目录信息     --递归修改目录属主和属组信息(比如网站权限调整)

文件无法保存并且root用户无法编写文件


确认数据信息是否上锁

[root@centos71 ~]# lsattr  /etc/hosts
---------------- /etc/hosts
[root@centos71 ~]# chattr   +i   /etc/hosts
[root@centos71 ~]# lsattr  /etc/hosts
----i----------- /etc/hosts

 解锁

[root@centos71 ~]# chattr   -i   /etc/hosts
[root@centos71 ~]# lsattr  /etc/hosts
---------------- /etc/hosts

六操作系统特殊权限

(一)setuid: 让普通用户可以拥有属主用户能力

setuid: 让普通用户可以拥有属主的能力,是对命令文件进行权限调整

没有setuid权限时,只能root用户查看shadow文件

拥有setuid权限时,所有普通用户查看shadow文件

[root@centos71 ~]# whoami
root
[root@centos71 ~]# pwd
/root
[root@centos71 ~]# ll  /etc/shadow
----------. 1 root root 4620 Dec 23 12:18 /etc/shadow
[root@centos71 ~]# cat  /etc/shadow  |  head
root:$6$74iiqdl8$U926ZrOy38rx8tapqOrdwJDcSAUbZjkQVGKNCaaX.5RdWW6J4nPRhiy5mq9xazTIPIlm7CzkdRWbTqWZMTHMS.:18250:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
adm:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
lp:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
sync:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
shutdown:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
halt:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
mail:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
operator:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /etc/shadow
----------. 1 root root 4620 Dec 23 12:18 /etc/shadow
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /etc/shadow | head
cat: /etc/shadow: Permission denied

setgid:让普通用户可以拥有属组用户能力

对操作文件命令进行权限调整,不常用

chmod g+s/chmod 2644---设置setgid权限

(二)粘滞位:只有文件属主对该目录数据进行调整

粘滞位:创建一个共享目录,只能文件属主用户对自己数据进行调整,其他用户只能查看

chmod o+t/chmod 1755---设置粘滞位权限

共享目录的权限只能自己可以修改,其他用户只能看

临时共享数据目录/tmp/

注意此目录权限不能修改,否则mysqu5.5--无法启动

[root@centos71 ~]# ll -d  /tmp/
drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 Dec 23 11:35 /tmp

对于其他人wang用户来说,没有执行权限,w无法起作用,也就是无法删除目录里面的文件和子目录了

[wang@centos71 ~]$  ll  -d  /tmp/
drwxrwxrwt. 15 root root 4096 Dec 24 10:44 /tmp/
[wang@centos71 ~]$  ll    /tmp/
total 20
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 18281 Dec 19 21:31 functions
drwx------. 3 root root    17 Dec 24 08:28 systemd-private-ea4129b5d18c4ee580dd07a2c8154e77-chronyd.service-Nb09BH
drwx------. 2 root root     6 Dec 20 08:32 vmware-root_6183-1983194517
drwx------. 2 root root     6 Dec 22 23:43 vmware-root_6219-1690047046
drwx------. 2 root root     6 Dec 21 14:37 vmware-root_6223-1681855427
drwx------. 2 root root     6 Dec 23 08:24 vmware-root_6224-734038020
drwx------. 2 root root     6 Dec 24 08:28 vmware-root_6230-734169091
drwx------. 2 root root     6 Dec 23 23:22 vmware-root_6233-1714755028
drwx------. 2 root root     6 Dec 20 08:44 vmware-root_6234-692293512
[wang@centos71 ~]$ rm  -f  /tmp/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/functions’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/systemd-private-ea4129b5d18c4ee580dd07a2c8154e77-chronyd.service-Nb09BH’: Is a directory
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6183-1983194517’: Is a directory
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6219-1690047046’: Is a directory
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6223-1681855427’: Is a directory
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6224-734038020’: Is a directory
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6230-734169091’: Is a directory
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6233-1714755028’: Is a directory
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6234-692293512’: Is a directory
[wang@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf  /tmp/*
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/functions’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/systemd-private-ea4129b5d18c4ee580dd07a2c8154e77-chronyd.service-Nb09BH’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6183-1983194517’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6219-1690047046’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6223-1681855427’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6224-734038020’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6230-734169091’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6233-1714755028’: Operation not permitted
rm: cannot remove ‘/tmp/vmware-root_6234-692293512’: Operation not permitted
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ 
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ mkdir  /home/wang/share
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ls  /home/wang/share
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  -d  /home/wang/share
drwxrwxr-x. 2 wang wang 6 Dec 24 10:38 /home/wang/share
[wang@centos71 ~]$ chmod   o+t   /home/wang/share
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  -d  /home/wang/share
drwxrwxr-t. 2 wang wang 6 Dec 24 10:38 /home/wang/share
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /home/wang/share
[wang@centos71 share]$ touch   hahaha{01..06}.txt
[wang@centos71 share]$ ll
total 0
-rw-rw-r--. 1 wang wang 0 Dec 24 10:41 hahaha01.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 wang wang 0 Dec 24 10:41 hahaha02.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 wang wang 0 Dec 24 10:41 hahaha03.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 wang wang 0 Dec 24 10:41 hahaha04.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 wang wang 0 Dec 24 10:41 hahaha05.txt
-rw-rw-r--. 1 wang wang 0 Dec 24 10:41 hahaha06.txt
[root@centos71 ~]# id  zhao
uid=1040(zhao) gid=1040(zhao) groups=1040(zhao)
[root@centos71 ~]# su  -  zhao
Last login: Mon Dec 23 21:22:13 CST 2019 on pts/5
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ whoami
zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ pwd
/home/zhao
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ll  -d  /home/wang/share
ls: cannot access /home/wang/share: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ rm  -rf    /home/wang/share
rm: cannot remove ‘/home/wang/share’: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ ls  /home/wang/share
ls: cannot access /home/wang/share: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ cd  /home/wang/share
-bash: cd: /home/wang/share: Permission denied
[zhao@centos71 ~]$ 

往文件里面添加内容

[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll -d  /home/wang/share/
drwxrwxr-t. 2 wang wang 126 Dec 24 10:41 /home/wang/share/
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cd  /home/wang/share/
[wang@centos71 share]$ ls
hahaha01.txt  hahaha02.txt  hahaha03.txt  hahaha04.txt  hahaha05.txt  hahaha06.txt
[wang@centos71 share]$ echo   abcdefghijklmn  >>  hahaha01.txt
[wang@centos71 share]$ cat  hahaha01.txt
abcdefghijklmn

其他人zhao无法查看

[zhao@centos71 ~]$ cat    /home/wang/share/hahaha01.txt
cat: /home/wang/share/hahaha01.txt: Permission denied

七操作系统用户提权配置

集中管理用户权限,相当于windows的域控

之前使用的是LDAP服务,已经淘汰了,现在使用jumpserver跳板机

说明:指定相应普通用户可以拥有root用户能力

(一)修改提权配置文件——/etc/sudoers

打开文件,指定跳到100行,建议使用visudo 打开,这样可以检查语法错误
第一列:只能提权用户信息;第二列:权限集中管理配置;第三列:指定特权信息

[root@centos71 ~]# cat  -n   /etc/sudoers  |  grep  "100"
   100    root    ALL=(ALL)     ALL

(二)sudo提权文件书写规范


1)必须有三列信息,列与列之前要有空格分隔

2)提权命令必须写成绝对路径,否则会出现语法报错

3) 提权多个命令, 用逗号空格进行分隔
       

语法报错,因为/bin/cat  之前没有写绝对路径

[root@centos71 ~]# visudo

"/etc/sudoers.tmp" 121L, 4368C written
>>> /etc/sudoers: syntax error near line 101 <<<
What now?
Options are:
  (e)dit sudoers file again
  e(x)it without saving changes to sudoers file
  (Q)uit and save changes to sudoers file (DANGER!)
[root@centos71 ~]# cat   /etc/sudoers |  grep  wang
wang    ALL=(ALL)      /bin/cat  /etc/shadow
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat /etc/shadow
cat: /etc/shadow: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /etc/shadow
----------. 1 root root 4524 Dec 23 09:06 /etc/shadow

(三)测试提权效果

查看是否拥有特权信息

[root@centos71 ~]# su  -  wang
Last login: Tue Dec 24 09:30:23 CST 2019 on pts/1
[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$ sudo -l
Matching Defaults entries for wang on centos71:
    !visiblepw, always_set_home, match_group_by_gid, always_query_group_plugin, env_reset,
    env_keep="COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE KDEDIR LS_COLORS", env_keep+="MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR
    USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE", env_keep+="LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT
    LC_MESSAGES", env_keep+="LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE", env_keep+="LC_TIME
    LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY", secure_path=/sbin\:/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin

User wang may run the following commands on centos71:
    (ALL) NOPASSWD: /bin/cat /etc/shadow

查看文件要加sudo

[wang@centos71 ~]$ sudo  cat  /etc/shadow  |  head
root:$6$74iiqdl8$U926ZrOy38rx8tapqOrdwJDcSAUbZjkQVGKNCaaX.5RdWW6J4nPRhiy5mq9xazTIPIlm7CzkdRWbTqWZMTHMS.:18250:0:99999:7:::
bin:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
daemon:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
adm:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
lp:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
sync:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
shutdown:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
halt:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
mail:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
operator:*:17834:0:99999:7:::
[wang@centos71 ~]$ 

echo的时候,使用到>会有问题,系统会识别为字符信息,所以吧建议加到文件里面

使用vim,注意加入到文件里面的命令不能有别名

提权操作在命令信息前面加上NOPASSWD表示取消提权输入密码的过程

[root@centos71 ~]# cat  -n   /etc/sudoers  |  grep  "101"
   101    wang    ALL=(ALL)    NOPASSWD:  /bin/cat  /etc/shadow, /bin/cat  /etc/hosts,/usr/bin/vim   /etc/hosts
[root@centos71 ~]# cat  -n   /etc/sudoers  |  grep  "wang"
   101    wang    ALL=(ALL)    NOPASSWD:  /bin/cat  /etc/shadow, /bin/cat  /etc/hosts,/usr/bin/vim   /etc/hosts
[wang@centos71 ~]$ sudo  -l
Matching Defaults entries for wang on centos71:
    !visiblepw, always_set_home, match_group_by_gid, always_query_group_plugin, env_reset,
    env_keep="COLORS DISPLAY HOSTNAME HISTSIZE KDEDIR LS_COLORS", env_keep+="MAIL PS1 PS2 QTDIR
    USERNAME LANG LC_ADDRESS LC_CTYPE", env_keep+="LC_COLLATE LC_IDENTIFICATION LC_MEASUREMENT
    LC_MESSAGES", env_keep+="LC_MONETARY LC_NAME LC_NUMERIC LC_PAPER LC_TELEPHONE", env_keep+="LC_TIME
    LC_ALL LANGUAGE LINGUAS _XKB_CHARSET XAUTHORITY", secure_path=/sbin\:/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin

User wang may run the following commands on centos71:
    (ALL) NOPASSWD: /bin/cat /etc/shadow, /bin/cat /etc/hosts, /usr/bin/vim /etc/hosts
[wang@centos71 ~]$ ll  /etc/hosts
-rwxr-x--x. 1 root root 184 Dec 24 11:28 /etc/hosts

在尾行添加内容

[wang@centos71 ~]$ whoami
wang
[wang@centos71 ~]$  sudo  vim  /etc/hosts
[wang@centos71 ~]$ cat  /etc/hosts
cat: /etc/hosts: Permission denied
[wang@centos71 ~]$ sudo  cat  /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6
10.0.0.200  www.baidu.com

取反就不会删除指定目录

Linux setfacl没什么用的

[root@centos71 ~]# setfacl   --help
setfacl 2.2.51 -- set file access control lists
Usage: setfacl [-bkndRLP] { -m|-M|-x|-X ... } file ...
  -m, --modify=acl        modify the current ACL(s) of file(s)
  -M, --modify-file=file  read ACL entries to modify from file
  -x, --remove=acl        remove entries from the ACL(s) of file(s)
  -X, --remove-file=file  read ACL entries to remove from file
  -b, --remove-all        remove all extended ACL entries
  -k, --remove-default    remove the default ACL
      --set=acl           set the ACL of file(s), replacing the current ACL
      --set-file=file     read ACL entries to set from file
      --mask              do recalculate the effective rights mask
  -n, --no-mask           don't recalculate the effective rights mask
  -d, --default           operations apply to the default ACL
  -R, --recursive         recurse into subdirectories
  -L, --logical           logical walk, follow symbolic links
  -P, --physical          physical walk, do not follow symbolic links
      --restore=file      restore ACLs (inverse of `getfacl -R')
      --test              test mode (ACLs are not modified)
  -v, --version           print version and exit
  -h, --help              this help text

系统用户权限问题及调整方法总结

 
1)直接修改文件数据权限信息(rwx)chmod
2)直接修改文件数据属主信息chown
3)修改文件数据特殊权限信息setuid/粘滞位

4)修改系统普通提权信息sudo
5)确认文件数据是否上锁了chattr +i/-i lsattr
6)将用户切换为root用户su-root,比如出现报警情况

12-17 22:36