中间件 middleware
中间件的五个方法
中间件可以定义五个方法,分别是:(主要的是process_request和process_response)
process_request(self,request)
process_view(self, request, view_func, view_args, view_kwargs)
process_template_response(self,request,response)
process_exception(self, request, exception)
process_response(self, request, response)
定义
中间件顾名思义,是介于request与response处理之间的一道处理过程,相对比较轻量级,并且在全局上改变django的输入与输出。因为改变的是全局,所以需要谨慎实用,用不好会影响到性能。
settings配置中
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
配置的是一个个路径,封装一些功能,相当于
from django.middleware.security import SecurityMiddleware
登录验证
条件:只有登录成功才能访问各个页面,也就是无论点击哪里都跳转到登录界面
用session时会报一个错误
low版本 装饰器版
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
# Create your views here.
def wrapper(f):
def inner(request,*args,**kwargs):
status = request.session.get("is_login")
# 获取session的值,
if status:
return f(request,*args,**kwargs)
else:
return redirect("login")
return inner
@wrapper
def home(request):
return render(request,"home.html")
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
return render(request,"login.html")
else:
user = request.POST.get("username")
pwd = request.POST.get("password")
if user == "alex" and pwd == "123":
request.session["is_login"] = True
return redirect("home")
else:
return redirect("login")
@wrapper
def index(request):
return render(request,"index.html")
高级版
1.设置自定义中间件
在应用app01中
在应用app01中创建一个包,随便起名字,一般都放在一个叫做utils的包里面,表示一个公用的组件,创建一个py文件,随便起名字,例如叫做:middlewares.py,内容如下
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class LoginAuth(MiddlewareMixin):
#请求来了,自动执行
def process_request(self,request):
print("请求来了")
然后去settings中的MIDDLEWARE中设置中间件地址
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
'app01.utils.mymiddleware.LoginAuth'
]
django的请求生命周期
具体解释
浏览器请求,wsgi.py,它封装这socket,request对象,request对象给中间键,中间件根据middleware封装的中间件一层一层向下执行,自动执行每个中间件中的请求函数
执行顺序从上到下,例如,我们把自定义的中间件放在session中间件的上边,那么session就不起作用了,所以自定义的中间件是放在最下边位置
中间件加工完之后,给了url控制器,然后执行视图函数views,视图函数再通过orm与数据库进行交互,并且渲染页面
注意如果此处没有return值,默认返回的是None,表示正常,向下执行,如果return值是别的值,那么就不会向下执行了,直接执行响应中间件的response方法给浏览器了
执行完成后,页面需要间数据返还给浏览器,不需要经过url,但是还会经过中间件
中间件中执行process_response方法
所以由上引入白名单概念,就是让不需要session的函数先执行,例如login函数
白名单
中间件的py文件中
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
class LoginAuth(MiddlewareMixin):
#白名单
white_list = ["/login/",]
def process_request(self,request):
print("请求来了")
path = request.path
#获取请求路径
if path not in self.white_list:
status = request.session.get("is_login")
if not status:
return redirect("login")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("响应走了")
return response
views.py 应用了中间件就不用了装饰器了
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
# Create your views here.
def home(request):
print("这是home函数")
return render(request,"home.html")
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
print("这是login函数")
return render(request,"login.html")
else:
user = request.POST.get("username")
pwd = request.POST.get("password")
if user == "alex" and pwd == "123":
request.session["is_login"] = True
return redirect("home")
else:
return redirect("login")
def index(request):
print("这是index函数")
return render(request,"index.html")
在上述代码中,请求白名单中的数据时,根据请求路径判断下列条件的结果,当路径在白名单中的时候,if条件不成立,默认返回None,正常执行views函数,如果访问home函数等,以为没有在白名单中,执行if条件,如果已经有了session值,则默认返回None,正常执行函数,如果没有session,则执行下一个if判断,重定向到login路径,再次请求,执行同上
中间件有多个方法时的执行顺序
settings中
MIDDLEWARE = [
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
# 'app01.utils.mymiddleware.LoginAuth'
'app01.utils.mymiddleware.MD1', # 新增中间件
"app01.utils.mymiddleware.MD2", # 新增中加件
]
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect
# Create your views here.
def home(request):
print("这是home函数")
return render(request,"home.html")
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
print("这是login函数")
return render(request,"login.html")
else:
user = request.POST.get("username")
pwd = request.POST.get("password")
if user == "alex" and pwd == "123":
request.session["is_login"] = True
return redirect("home")
else:
return redirect("login")
def index(request):
print("这是index函数")
return render(request,"index.html")
process_resquest 和 process_response 方法顺序
middleware.py 中间件中文件
class MD1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
#request是一个请求的对象
print("MD1的process_request方法",request)
#return HttpResponse("ok") ---------------------- 第一知识点 第一执行
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("MD1的process_response方法",response)
return response
#return HttpResponse("ok") ---------------------- 第二知识点 第四执行
class MD2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("MD2的process_request方法",request)
#return HttpResponse("ok") ----------------------- 第三知识点 第二执行
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("MD2的process_response方法",response)
#response 接收的是函数的返回值,是一个response对象
return response
#return HttpResponse("ok") ---------------------- 第四知识点 第三执行
有return自定义内容的时候
都是get方法时验证
第一知识点解释
MD1的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/index/'>
MD1的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
当我们在浏览器发送请求时,执行到中间件时就不再向后执行,只执行返回函数process_response
第二知识点解释
MD1的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/index/'>
MD2的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/index/'>
这是index函数
MD2的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
MD1的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
当我们在浏览器发送请求时,由于返回值的位置是最后执行的,所以所有的函数都执行了,但是由于返回的是自定义的,而不是response对象,所以返回页面不是html文件,而是ok
第三知识点解释
MD1的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
MD2的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
MD2的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
MD1的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
当我们在浏览器发送请求时,执行到中间件时就不再向后执行,只执行返回函数process_response,依次向上执行(中间件顺序) 所以返回页面不是html文件,而是ok
第四知识点解释
MD1的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
MD2的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
这是login函数
MD2的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
MD1的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
当我们在浏览器发送请求时,由于返回值的位置是最后执行的,所以所有的函数都执行了,但是由于返回的是自定义的,而不是response对象,所以返回页面不是html文件,而是ok
process_view
middleware.py
class MD1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
#request是一个请求的对象
print("MD1的process_request方法",request)
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("MD1的process_response方法",response)
return response
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_view(self,request,view_func,view_args,view_kwargs):
print(view_func)
print("MD1的process_view")
class MD2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("MD2的process_request方法",request)
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("MD2的process_response方法",response)
#response 接收的是函数的返回值,是一个response对象
return response
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_view(self,request,view_func,view_args,view_kwargs):
print(view_func)
print("MD2的process_view")
index请求结果
MD1的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
MD2的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
<function login at 0x0000002B48EDA2F0>
MD1的process_view
<function login at 0x0000002B48EDA2F0>
MD2的process_view
这是login函数
MD2的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
MD1的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=200, "text/html; charset=utf-8">
执行顺序图
process_exception
这个比较特殊,只有在有报错的情况下才执行,否则不执行
middleware.py
class MD1(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
#request是一个请求的对象
print("MD1的process_request方法",request)
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("MD1的process_response方法",response)
return response
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_view(self,request,view_func,view_args,view_kwargs):
print(view_func)
print("MD1的process_view")
def process_exception(self, request, exception):
print(exception)
print("MD1的process_exception")
class MD2(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
print("MD2的process_request方法",request)
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_response(self,request,response):
print("MD2的process_response方法",response)
#response 接收的是函数的返回值,是一个response对象
return response
# return HttpResponse("ok")
def process_view(self,request,view_func,view_args,view_kwargs):
print(view_func)
print("MD2的process_view")
def process_exception(self, request, exception):
print(exception) #打印的是抛出的错误信息
print("MD2的process_exception")
为了报错修改views.py代码
def home(request):
print("这是home函数")
return render(request,"home.html")
def login(request):
if request.method == "GET":
print("这是login函数")
raise ValueError("抛出错误") #------注意此处要抛错才能执行exception
return render(request,"login.html")
else:
user = request.POST.get("username")
pwd = request.POST.get("password")
if user == "alex" and pwd == "123":
request.session["is_login"] = True
return redirect("home")
else:
return redirect("login")
def index(request):
print("这是index函数")
return render(request,"index.html")
执行结果
MD1的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
MD2的process_request方法 <WSGIRequest: GET '/login/'>
<function login at 0x0000000AD8F5A268>
MD1的process_view
<function login at 0x0000000AD8F5A268>
MD2的process_view
这是login函数
抛出错误
MD2的process_exception
抛出错误
MD1的process_exception
Internal Server Error: /login/
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\exception.py", line 41, in inner
response = get_response(request)
File "C:\Python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 187, in _get_response
response = self.process_exception_by_middleware(e, request)
File "C:\Python36\lib\site-packages\django\core\handlers\base.py", line 185, in _get_response
response = wrapped_callback(request, *callback_args, **callback_kwargs)
File "D:\Django项目\day67\zhongjianjian\app01\views.py", line 23, in login
raise ValueError("抛出错误")
ValueError: 抛出错误
[16/Oct/2019 17:25:55] "GET /login/ HTTP/1.1" 500 65127
MD2的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=500, "text/html">
MD1的process_response方法 <HttpResponse status_code=500, "text/html">