原文:linux之nginx
作者;海燕。
一、nginx
Ngix是web服务器,跟apache一样,它可以做动态请求转发、web端负载均衡、反向代理等等; tomcat是应用服务器,当然如果非用逼良为娼,也可做web服务器用,它主要是做Servlet容器用的,一般用在应用层,运行后台逻辑代码,访问数据库服务器等; 一般常见的网站,采用apache+tomcat+数据库或是Ngix+tomcat+数据库这三层物理架构;如果是大型网站应用,上面还会有一层硬件负载均衡F5。 从性能角度来讲Ngix的性能似乎要比apache略好,但从使用方便上来看,apache配置起来更方便,功能上都很强大,因为apache名气似乎更大一些,用的人就更多一些。
1、下载
[root@s6haiyanvm ~]# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz ll -h nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz #查看多大 tar xf nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz #解压 cd nginx-1.12.2.tar.gz ls -l 12一般偶数版的是稳定版本 ,基数是测试版
2、编译安装nginx前的准备
useradd -s /sbin/nplogin -M www #添加一个用户,-s和-M是吧用户变成虚拟用户号 id www su - www
3、安装nginx的依赖包
#pcre-devel perl语言的兼容正则表达式 #openssl-devel https yum install pcre-devel -y yum install openssl-devel -y rpm -qa pcre-devel
4、编译安装nginx
pwd #应该是在这个路径下/application/nginx-1.12.2 ./configure --help (1)./configure --user=www --group=www --prefix=/application/nginx-1.12.2 --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module --user :用户 --group : 用户组 --prefix :安装到哪里 两个模块: --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_ssl_module tree -L echo $? #表示以上一次的执行情况 ,返回0表示正确,返回1表示错误 (2)make #根据一些配置进行编译 (3)make install md5sum nginx/1.12.2.tar.gz #给这个压缩包创建个指纹,相当于身份证
5、查看
/application/nginx-1.12.2/sbin/nginx -t #检查是否语法错误 /application/nginx-1.12.2/sbin/nginx #执行命令 ss -lntup|grep 80 #查看安装好了没有 10.0.0.200 #在浏览器里面看页面,看搭建好了没有 curl -v 10.0.0.200 #在linux里面查看
6、nginx的常用配置
[root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# pwd /application/nginx-1.12.2 [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# ll total 36 drwx------ 2 www root 4096 Mar 15 10:31 client_body_temp drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 15 10:00 conf nginx配置文件的目录 drwx------ 2 www root 4096 Mar 15 10:31 fastcgi_temp drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 15 10:00 html nginx站点目录 网站的根目录 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 15 10:31 logs nginx日志 drwx------ 2 www root 4096 Mar 15 10:31 proxy_temp drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Mar 15 10:00 sbin nginx命令 drwx------ 2 www root 4096 Mar 15 10:31 scgi_temp drwx------ 2 www root 4096 Mar 15 10:31 uwsgi_temp
├── client_body_temp
├── conf
│ ├── fastcgi.conf
│ ├── fastcgi.conf.default
│ ├── fastcgi_params
│ ├── fastcgi_params.default
│ ├── koi-utf
│ ├── koi-win
│ ├── mime.types
│ ├── mime.types.default
│ ├── nginx.conf #nginx的主配置文件
│ ├── nginx.conf.default
│ ├── scgi_params
│ ├── scgi_params.default
│ ├── uwsgi_params
│ ├── uwsgi_params.default
│ └── win-utf
├── fastcgi_temp
├── html
│ ├── 50x.html
│ └── index.html #网站默认的首页文件
├── logs
│ ├── access.log #访问日志
│ ├── error.log
│ └── nginx.pid
├── proxy_temp
├── sbin
│ └── nginx
├── scgi_temp
└── uwsgi_temp
#修改配置文件 egrep '#' #查看包含#的 egrep '^$' #空行 egrep '^$|#' conf/nginx.conf #排除空行或者# egrep '^$|#' conf/nginx.conf.default > conf/nginx.conf
修改了配置文件记得重启一下 /application/nginx-1/sbin/nginx -s reload #优雅的重启 /application/nginx-1/sbin/nginx -s stop #优雅的停止(迫不得已才用的) /application/nginx-1/sbin/nginx
二、搭建一个小网站
1、修改nginx.conf文件
worker_processes 1; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; server { listen 80; server_name www.etiantian.org; location / { root html/www; index index.html index.htm; } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } }
2.创建环境
mkdir -p /application/nginx-1.12.2/html/{www,bbs,blog} #创建多级目录
for name in www bbs blog;do echo $name.etiantian.org> /application/nginx-1.12.2/html/$name/index.html ;done for name in www bbs blog;do cat /application/nginx-1.12.2/html/$name/index.html ;done
3.检查语法并重启
[root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# /application/nginx-1.12.2/sbin/nginx -t nginx: the configuration file /application/nginx-1.12.2/conf/nginx.conf syntax is ok nginx: configuration file /application/nginx-1.12.2/conf/nginx.conf test is successful [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# /application/nginx-1.12.2/sbin/nginx -s reload
4.windows测试 浏览器(注意缓存)
(1)方式一:cat /etc/hosts #修改host,域名解析 10.0.0.200 www.etiantian.org bbs.etiantian.org blog.etiantian.org www.eitiantian.org #浏览器输入测试 (2)方式二: curl -H Host:www.etiantian.org 10.0.0.200 #修改host里面的host
5、排错流程:
1.linux命令行是否能显示 curl -vH Host:www.etiantian.org 10.0.0.200 2.windows 本地shell ping
6、搭建多个
[root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# cat conf/nginx.conf worker_processes 1; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; server { listen 80; server_name www.etiantian.org; location / { root html/www; index index.html index.htm; } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } server { listen 80; server_name bbs.etiantian.org; location / { root html/bbs; index index.html index.htm; } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } server { listen 80; server_name blog.etiantian.org; location / { root html/blog; index index.html index.htm; } error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html; location = /50x.html { root html; } } } [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# curl -H Host:bbs.etiantian.org 10.0.0.200 bbs.etiantian.org [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# curl -H Host:blog.etiantian.org 10.0.0.200 blog.etiantian.org
三、参数location的理解
“~”用于区分大小写(大小写敏感)的匹配; ~ /images {} “~*” 用于不区分大小写的匹配。还可以用逻辑操作符!对上面的匹配取反,即!~ 和 !~*。 “^~”作用是在常规的字符串匹配检查之后,不做正则表达式的检查,即如果最明确的那个字符串匹配的location配置中有此前缀,那么不做正则表达式的检查。
[root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# cat conf/nginx.conf worker_processes 1; events { worker_connections 1024; } http { include mime.types; default_type application/octet-stream; sendfile on; keepalive_timeout 65; server { listen 80; server_name www.etiantian.org etiantian.org; root html/www; location / { return 401; } location /documents/ { return 403; } location ^~ /images/ { return 404; } location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ { return 500; } } } ^~ ~* /documents/ / 第1名:“location ~* \.(gif|jpg|jpeg)$ {” 正则匹配 第2名:“location /documents/ {” 匹配常规字符串,如果有正则则优先匹配正则。 第3名:“location / {” 所有location都不能匹配后的默认匹配。 [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# curl -I 10.0.0.200 HTTP/1.1 401 Unauthorized Server: nginx/1.12.2 Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 04:13:41 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 195 Connection: keep-alive [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# curl -I 10.0.0.200/documents/index.html HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Server: nginx/1.12.2 Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 04:14:42 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 169 Connection: keep-alive [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# curl -I 10.0.0.200/documents/w.jpg HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error Server: nginx/1.12.2 Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 04:15:56 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 193 Connection: close [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# [root@oldboyedu-s6 nginx-1.12.2]# curl -I 10.0.0.200/images/www.jpg HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found Server: nginx/1.12.2 Date: Thu, 15 Mar 2018 04:16:52 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 169 Connection: keep-alive