一、isinstance和issubclass
isinstance(obj,cls)检查是否obj是否是类 cls 的对象
class Foo(object): pass obj = Foo() isinstance(obj, Foo)
issubclass(sub, super)检查sub类是否是 super 类的派生类
class Foo(object): pass class Bar(Foo): pass issubclass(Bar, Foo)
二、反射
1 什么是反射
反射的概念是由Smith在1982年首次提出的,主要是指程序可以访问、检测和修改它本身状态或行为的一种能力(自省)。这一概念的提出很快引发了计算机科学领域关于应用反射性的研究。它首先被程序语言的设计领域所采用,并在Lisp和面向对象方面取得了成绩。
2 python面向对象中的反射:通过字符串的形式操作对象相关的属性。python中的一切事物都是对象(都可以使用反射)
四个可以实现自省的函数
下列方法适用于类和对象(一切皆对象,类本身也是一个对象)
def hasattr(*args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown pass def getattr(object, name, default=None): # known special case of getattr pass def setattr(x, y, v): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ pass def delattr(x, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ pass
使用方法示例:
class Foo: f = '类的静态变量' def __init__(self,name,age): self.name=name self.age=age def say_hi(self): print('hi,%s'%self.name) obj=Foo('egon',73) #检测是否含有某属性 print(hasattr(obj,'name')) print(hasattr(obj,'say_hi')) #获取属性 n=getattr(obj,'name') print(n) func=getattr(obj,'say_hi') func() print(getattr(obj,'aaaaaaaa','不存在啊')) #报错 #设置属性 setattr(obj,'sb',True) setattr(obj,'show_name',lambda self:self.name+'sb') print(obj.__dict__) print(obj.show_name(obj)) #删除属性 delattr(obj,'age') delattr(obj,'show_name') delattr(obj,'show_name111')#不存在,则报错 print(obj.__dict__)
类对象示例:
class Foo(object): staticField = "old boy" def __init__(self): self.name = 'wupeiqi' def func(self): return 'func' @staticmethod def bar(): return 'bar' print getattr(Foo, 'staticField') print getattr(Foo, 'func') print getattr(Foo, 'bar')
反射当做模块成员:
import sys def s1(): print 's1' def s2(): print 's2' this_module = sys.modules[__name__] hasattr(this_module, 's1') getattr(this_module, 's2')
导入其他模块,利用反射查找该模块是否存在某个方法:
""" 程序目录: module_test.py index.py """ """当前为:module_test,py""" def test(): print('from the test') """当前文件:index.py""" import module_test as obj #obj.test() print(hasattr(obj,'test')) getattr(obj,'test')()
三、__str__和__repr__
改变对象的字符串显示__str__,__repr__
自定制格式化字符串__format__
format_dict={ 'nat':'{obj.name}-{obj.addr}-{obj.type}',#学校名-学校地址-学校类型 'tna':'{obj.type}:{obj.name}:{obj.addr}',#学校类型:学校名:学校地址 'tan':'{obj.type}/{obj.addr}/{obj.name}',#学校类型/学校地址/学校名 } class School: def __init__(self,name,addr,type): self.name=name self.addr=addr self.type=type def __repr__(self): return 'School(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr) def __str__(self): return '(%s,%s)' %(self.name,self.addr) def __format__(self, format_spec): # if format_spec if not format_spec or format_spec not in format_dict: format_spec='nat' fmt=format_dict[format_spec] return fmt.format(obj=self) s1=School('北京大学','北京','嘎嘎牛逼') print('from repr: ',repr(s1)) # repr print('from str: ',str(s1)) # str print(s1) # 对象内存地址 ''' str函数或者print函数--->obj.__str__() repr或者交互式解释器--->obj.__repr__() 如果__str__没有被定义,那么就会使用__repr__来代替输出 注意:这俩方法的返回值必须是字符串,否则抛出异常 ''' print(format(s1,'nat')) # str print(format(s1,'tna')) print(format(s1,'tan')) print(format(s1,'asfdasdffd'))
class B: def __str__(self): return 'str : class B' def __repr__(self): return 'repr : class B' b=B() print('%s'%b) print('%r'%b)
总结:
str类似于repr的备份方案,如果有str则不使用repr,包括继承使用依然是str优先
str适用于例如: print(),print(str()), print(f'字符串{{拼接内容}}'), print('%s'%b)
如果没有str则使用repr
repr适用于%r拼接,例如: print('%r'%b)
四、item系列
__getitem__\__setitem__\__delitem__class Foo: def __init__(self,name):
self.name=name def __getitem__(self, item): print(self.__dict__[item]) def __setitem__(self, key, value): self.__dict__[key]=value
def __delitem__(self, key): print('del obj[key]时,我执行') self.__dict__.pop(key)
def __delattr__(self, item): print('del obj.key时,我执行') self.__dict__.pop(item) f1=Foo('sb')
f1['age']=18 # []使用setitem
f1['age1']=19
del f1.age1 # '.'执行的是delattr
del f1['age'] # []执行的是delitem
f1['name']='alex'
print(f1.__dict__)
五、__del__
析构方法,当对象在内存中被释放时,自动触发执行。
注:此方法一般无须定义,因为Python是一门高级语言,程序员在使用时无需关心内存的分配和释放,因为此工作都是交给Python解释器来执行,所以,析构函数的调用是由解释器在进行垃圾回收时自动触发执行的。
class Foo: def __del__(self): print('执行我啦') f1=Foo() del f1 print('------->') # 输出结果 执行我啦 ------->
六、__new__
class A: def __init__(self): self.x = 1 print('in init function') def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs): print('in new function') return object.__new__(A) a = A() print(a.x)
单例模式示例:
class Singleton: def __new__(cls, *args, **kw): if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'): cls._instance = object.__new__(cls) return cls._instance one = Singleton() two = Singleton() two.a = 3 print(one.a) # 3 # one和two完全相同,可以用id(), ==, is检测 print(id(one)) # 29097904 print(id(two)) # 29097904 print(one == two) # True print(one is two)
七、__call__
对象后面加括号,触发执行。
注:构造方法的执行是由创建对象触发的,即:对象 = 类名() ;而对于 __call__ 方法的执行是由对象后加括号触发的,即:对象() 或者 类()()
class Foo: def __init__(self): pass def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): print('__call__') obj = Foo() # 执行 __init__ obj() # 执行 __call__ # 特殊写法 Foo()()
八、with和__enter__,__exit__
with语句示例:
class A: def __enter__(self): print('before') def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): print('after') with A() as a: print('123')
with语句和__init__:
class A: def __init__(self): print('init') def __enter__(self): print('before') def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): print('after') with A() as a: print('123')
with 文件操作:
class Myfile: def __init__(self,path,mode='r',encoding = 'utf-8'): self.path = path self.mode = mode self.encoding = encoding def __enter__(self): self.f = open(self.path, mode=self.mode, encoding=self.encoding) return self.f def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): self.f.close() with Myfile('file',mode='w') as f: f.write('wahaha')
with 和pickle:
import pickle class MyPickledump: def __init__(self,path): self.path = path def __enter__(self): self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab') return self def dump(self,content): pickle.dump(content,self.f) def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): self.f.close() class Mypickleload: def __init__(self,path): self.path = path def __enter__(self): self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb') return self def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): self.f.close() def load(self): return pickle.load(self.f) def loaditer(self): while True: try: yield self.load() except EOFError: break # with MyPickledump('file') as f: # f.dump({1,2,3,4}) with Mypickleload('file') as f: for item in f.loaditer(): print(item)
with、pickle、iter:
mport pickle class MyPickledump: def __init__(self,path): self.path = path def __enter__(self): self.f = open(self.path, mode='ab') return self def dump(self,content): pickle.dump(content,self.f) def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): self.f.close() class Mypickleload: def __init__(self,path): self.path = path def __enter__(self): self.f = open(self.path, mode='rb') return self def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb): self.f.close() def __iter__(self): while True: try: yield pickle.load(self.f) except EOFError: break # with MyPickledump('file') as f: # f.dump({1,2,3,4}) with Mypickleload('file') as f: for item in f: print(item)
九、__len__
class A: def __init__(self): self.a = 1 self.b = 2 def __len__(self): return len(self.__dict__) a = A() print(len(a))
十、__hash__
class A: def __init__(self): self.a = 1 self.b = 2 def __hash__(self): return hash(str(self.a)+str(self.b)) a = A() print(hash(a))
十一、__eq__
class A: def __init__(self): self.a = 1 self.b = 2 def __eq__(self,obj): if self.a == obj.a and self.b == obj.b: return True a = A() b = A() print(a == b)