我正在学习Cython,并尝试运行一个简单的示例,在这里找到:making C library callable
我使用VS 2019创建mylib.libsetup.py来构建Cython扩展(有关详细信息和代码,请参见下文),但是链接器失败并出现错误:

但是,当我运行在其他帖子中找到的nm mylib.lib时,我可以看到存在符号_hello:

D:\Codes\git_folders\my_repository\Cython_test\lib>nm mylib.lib
...
Debug/examples.obj:
...
00000000 T _hello
...
怎么了?

代码:pyexamples.pyx
cdef extern from "examples.h":
    void hello(const char *name)

def py_hello(name: bytes) -> None:
    hello(name)
setup.py
from distutils.core import setup
from distutils.extension import Extension
from Cython.Build import cythonize

examples_extension = Extension(
    name="pyexamples",
    sources=["pyexamples.pyx"],
    libraries=["mylib"],
    library_dirs=["lib"],
    include_dirs=["lib"]
)
setup(
    name="pyexamples",
    ext_modules=cythonize([examples_extension])
)
examples.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include "examples.h"

void hello(const char *name) {
    printf("hello %s\n", name);
}
examples.h
#ifndef EXAMPLES_H
#define EXAMPLES_H

void hello(const char *name);

#endif
但是,如果我运行此命令, python setup.py build_ext --inplace我得到这个错误。
running build_ext
building 'pyexamples' extension
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\bin\HostX86\x64\cl.exe /c /nologo /Ox /W3 /GL /DNDEBUG /MD -Ilib -IC:\Users\swsyo\anaconda3\include -IC:\Users\swsyo\anaconda3\include "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\ATLMFC\include" "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\include" "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\ucrt" "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\shared" "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\um" "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\winrt" "-IC:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\include\10.0.18362.0\cppwinrt" /Tcpyexamples.c /Fobuild\temp.win-amd64-3.7\Release\pyexamples.obj
pyexamples.c
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\bin\HostX86\x64\link.exe /nologo /INCREMENTAL:NO /LTCG /DLL /MANIFEST:EMBED,ID=2 /MANIFESTUAC:NO /LIBPATH:lib /LIBPATH:C:\Users\swsyo\anaconda3\libs /LIBPATH:C:\Users\swsyo\anaconda3\PCbuild\amd64 "/LIBPATH:C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\ATLMFC\lib\x64" "/LIBPATH:C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\lib\x64" "/LIBPATH:C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\lib\10.0.18362.0\ucrt\x64" "/LIBPATH:C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\10\lib\10.0.18362.0\um\x64" mylib.lib /EXPORT:PyInit_pyexamples build\temp.win-amd64-3.7\Release\pyexamples.obj /OUT:D:\git_folders\my_repository\Cython_test\pyexamples.cp37-win_amd64.pyd /IMPLIB:build\temp.win-amd64-3.7\Release\pyexamples.cp37-win_amd64.lib
   Creating library build\temp.win-amd64-3.7\Release\pyexamples.cp37-win_amd64.lib and object build\temp.win-amd64-3.7\Release\pyexamples.cp37-win_amd64.exp
pyexamples.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol hello
D:\git_folders\my_repository\Cython_test\pyexamples.cp37-win_amd64.pyd : fatal error LNK1120: 1 unresolved externals
error: command 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio\\2019\\Community\\VC\\Tools\\MSVC\\14.27.29110\\bin\\HostX86\\x64\\link.exe' failed with exit status 1120
更多详细信息:
基于以下注释,我运行了dumpbin mylib.lib命令以查看hello函数是否在库中。这是正确的方法吗?我在此摘要中看不到名字hello
D:\Codes\git_folders\my_repository\Cython_test\lib>dumpbin mylib.lib
Microsoft (R) COFF/PE Dumper Version 14.27.29111.0
Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.


Dump of file mylib.lib

File Type: LIBRARY

  Summary

          E8 .chks64
         C94 .debug$S
          C8 .debug$T
         10A .drectve
           5 .msvcjmc
           A .rdata
           8 .rtc$IMZ
           8 .rtc$TMZ
         1B4 .text$mn
我还运行了在其他帖子中找到的nm mylib.lib。您可以在摘要末尾看到_hello
D:\Codes\git_folders\my_repository\Cython_test\lib>nm mylib.lib

Debug\mylib.obj:
00000000 N .chks64
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$T
00000000 i .drectve
00000000 d .msvcjmc
00000000 r .rtc$IMZ
00000000 r .rtc$TMZ
00000000 t .text$mn
00000000 t .text$mn
         U @__CheckForDebuggerJustMyCode@4
010471b7 a @comp.id
80000391 a @feat.00
00000000 d __87B4E6C0_mylib@c
00000000 T __JustMyCode_Default
         U __RTC_CheckEsp
         U __RTC_InitBase
00000000 r __RTC_InitBase.rtc$IMZ
         U __RTC_Shutdown
00000000 r __RTC_Shutdown.rtc$TMZ
00000000 T _fnmylib

Debug/examples.obj:
00000000 N .chks64
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$S
00000000 N .debug$T
00000000 i .drectve
00000000 d .msvcjmc
00000000 r .rdata
00000000 r .rtc$IMZ
00000000 r .rtc$TMZ
00000000 t .text$mn
00000000 t .text$mn
00000000 t .text$mn
00000000 t .text$mn
00000000 t .text$mn
00000000 R ??_C@_09DEHHIH@hello?5?$CFs?6@
00000008 C ?_OptionsStorage@?1??__local_stdio_printf_options@@9@9
         U @__CheckForDebuggerJustMyCode@4
010471b7 a @comp.id
80000391 a @feat.00
00000000 T ___local_stdio_printf_options
00000001 d __101834BA_corecrt_wstdio@h
00000003 d __2F33A99E_examples@c
00000002 d __AD6A91B7_stdio@h
00000000 d __F66CEB67_corecrt_stdio_config@h
         U __imp____acrt_iob_func
         U __imp____stdio_common_vfprintf
00000000 T __JustMyCode_Default
         U __RTC_CheckEsp
         U __RTC_InitBase
00000000 r __RTC_InitBase.rtc$IMZ
         U __RTC_Shutdown
00000000 r __RTC_Shutdown.rtc$TMZ
00000000 T __vfprintf_l
00000000 T _hello
00000000 T _printf
在为x64系统重建项目后(必须在Build> Configuration Manager中将“ Activity 解决方案平台”更改为x64),这是dumpbin /symbols mylib.lib的结果。我可以在摘要中看到hello函数。
python - 在Windows上将Cython扩展链接到C库时,“unresolved external symbol”-错误-LMLPHP

最佳答案

重建x64的(静态)库。
库中的符号称为_hello,而不是hello,正如人们对x64构建所期望的那样(您的扩展是针对64位构建的,如在日志中可以看到的)。
在x64上,MSVC在编译为C代码时不会更改名称,因此生成的符号很简单-hello,但在x86上却可以更改C名称(Godttt.org上的here documentationhere an example):

  • __cdecl-调用约定(如果不使用特殊编译标志,则为x86的默认设置)在名称中添加前缀_,这将导致该符号称为_hello
  • __stdcall-调用约定(如果使用/Gz编译或显式指定了调用约定,则在名称中添加前缀void __stdcall hello(char *)和后缀_,并在参数列表中添加字节数,即会导致@

  • 因此,很明显,您的库是32位构建的,因此无法链接到64位dll。

    如果库是一个dll,则符号的名称会稍有不同。呼唤
    __declspec( dllimport ) void hello(char* a);
    
    会导致(godbolt.org上的see live):

    适用于x86/32位的
  • _hello@4(__imp__helloimp之间的两个下划线),即由于hello而导致的前缀__imp_和由于x86中declspec(dllimport)的名称修改而导致的前缀_
  • 适用于x64/64位的
  • __cdecl(在__imp_helloimp之间加一个下划线),即由于hello而仅前缀__imp_

  • 还有一种更直接的方法,通过运行以下命令可以看到该库是32位的:
    dumpbin /header mylibrary.lib
    
    这将为32位生成生成declspec(dllimport):
    ...
    File Type: LIBRARY
    
    FILE HEADER VALUES
                 14C machine (x86)
    ...
    
    但是machine (x86)用于64位版本:
    ...
    File Type: LIBRARY
    
    FILE HEADER VALUES
                8664 machine (x64)
    
    此外,当机器不匹配时,MSVC链接器还用于发出警告:

    不知道为什么它不在您的日志中。

    关于python - 在Windows上将Cython扩展链接到C库时,“unresolved external symbol”-错误,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63750020/

    10-14 23:58