基于邻域的算法(1)
基于邻域的算法主要分为两类,一类是基于用户的协同过滤算法,另一类是基于物品的协同过滤算法。我们首先介绍基于用户的协同过滤算法。
基于用户的协同过滤算法(UserCF)
基于用户的协同过滤算法是最古老的算法了,它标志着推荐系统的诞生。当一个用户甲需要个性化推荐时,首先找到那些跟他兴趣相似的用户,然后把那些用户喜欢的,甲没有听说过的物品推荐给用户甲,那么这种方式就叫做基于用户的协同过滤算法。
那么,这个算法包含两个步骤:
- 找到和目标用户兴趣相似的用户集合。
- 找到这个集合中的用户喜欢的,且目标用户没有听说过的物品推荐给目标用户。
我们用用户行为的相似度来表示兴趣的相似度。对于用户\(u\)和用户\(v\),\(N(u)\)和\(N(v)\)表示各自有过正反馈的物品集合。那么我们用Jaccard公式表示用户\(u\)和用户\(v\)之间的兴趣相似度。
\[w_{uv}=\frac{|N(u)\cap N(v)|}{|N(u)\cup N(v)|}\]
另外也可以通过余弦相似度进行计算
\[w_{uv}=\frac{|N(u)\cap N(v)|}{\sqrt{|N(u)||N(v)|}}\]
余弦相似度的计算代码为
def UserSimilarity(train):
W = dict()
for u in train.keys():
for v in train.keys():
if u == v:
continue
W[u][v] = len(train[u] & train[v])
W[u][v] /= math.sqrt(len(train[u]) * len(train[v]) * 1.0)
return W
如果这样去计算的话,在用户非常大的时候会非常耗时,因为很多用户之间并没有对相同的物品产生过行为,算法也把时间浪费在计算用户兴趣相似度上。那么我们可以对公式分子部分交集不为空的部分。
建立物品到用户的倒排表,对于每个物品都保存对该物品产生过行为的用户列表。
def UserSimilarity(train):
# build inverse table for item_users
item_users = dict()
for u, items in train.items():
for i in items.keys():
if i not in item_users:
item_users[i] = set()
item_users[i].add(u)
#calculate co-rated items between users
C = dict()
N = dict()
for i, users in item_users.items():
for u in users:
N[u] += 1
for v in users:
if u == v:
continue
C[u][v] += 1
# calculate finial similarity matrix W
W = dict()
for u, related_users in C.items():
for v, cuv in related_users.items():
W[u][v] = cuv / math.sqrt(N[u] * N[v])
return W
有了其他用户的对某个物品\(i\)感兴趣的评分,那么根据相似度可以计算出用户\(u\)对物品\(i\)的感兴趣评分为:
\[p(u,i) = \sum_{v\in S(u,K) \cap N(i)}{w_{uv}r_{vi}}\]
其中\(S(u,K)\)是与用户\(u\)最相似的K个用户。因为使用的是单一行为的隐反馈数据,所以所有的评分都为1。另外还可以对用户的相似度进行改进,比如对冷门物品的兴趣更能反应他们的兴趣相似度。所以可以加上热门物品相似度的惩罚。
\[w_{uv}=\frac{\sum_{i\in N(u)\cap N(v)}\frac{1}{\log 1+|N(i)|}}{\sqrt{|N(u)||N(v)|}}\]
我们用上一篇介绍的MovieLens数据集,以及以前介绍的评测方式来把代码串起来,代码来自于参考里面的github,总体代码为:
import random
import math
import time
from tqdm import tqdm
def timmer(func):
def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
start_time = time.time()
res = func(*args, **kwargs)
stop_time = time.time()
print('Func %s, run time: %s' %
(func.__name__, stop_time - start_time))
return res
return wrapper
class Dataset():
def __init__(self, fp):
# fp: data file path
self.data = self.loadData(fp)
@timmer
def loadData(self, fp):
data = []
for l in open(fp):
data.append(tuple(map(int, l.strip().split('::')[:2])))
return data
@timmer
def splitData(self, M, k, seed=1):
'''
:params: data, 加载的所有(user, item)数据条目
:params: M, 划分的数目,最后需要取M折的平均
:params: k, 本次是第几次划分,k~[0, M)
:params: seed, random的种子数,对于不同的k应设置成一样的
:return: train, test
'''
train, test = [], []
random.seed(seed)
for user, item in self.data:
# 这里与书中的不一致,本人认为取M-1较为合理,因randint是左右都覆盖的
if random.randint(0, M - 1) == k:
test.append((user, item))
else:
train.append((user, item))
# 处理成字典的形式,user->set(items)
def convert_dict(data):
data_dict = {}
for user, item in data:
if user not in data_dict:
data_dict[user] = set()
data_dict[user].add(item)
data_dict = {k: list(data_dict[k]) for k in data_dict}
return data_dict
return convert_dict(train), convert_dict(test)
class Metric():
def __init__(self, train, test, GetRecommendation):
'''
:params: train, 训练数据
:params: test, 测试数据
:params: GetRecommendation, 为某个用户获取推荐物品的接口函数
'''
self.train = train
self.test = test
self.GetRecommendation = GetRecommendation
self.recs = self.getRec()
# 为test中的每个用户进行推荐
def getRec(self):
recs = {}
for user in self.test:
rank = self.GetRecommendation(user)
recs[user] = rank
return recs
# 定义精确率指标计算方式
def precision(self):
all, hit = 0, 0
for user in self.test:
test_items = set(self.test[user])
rank = self.recs[user]
for item, score in rank:
if item in test_items:
hit += 1
all += len(rank)
return round(hit / all * 100, 2)
# 定义召回率指标计算方式
def recall(self):
all, hit = 0, 0
for user in self.test:
test_items = set(self.test[user])
rank = self.recs[user]
for item, score in rank:
if item in test_items:
hit += 1
all += len(test_items)
return round(hit / all * 100, 2)
# 定义覆盖率指标计算方式
def coverage(self):
all_item, recom_item = set(), set()
for user in self.test:
for item in self.train[user]:
all_item.add(item)
rank = self.recs[user]
for item, score in rank:
recom_item.add(item)
return round(len(recom_item) / len(all_item) * 100, 2)
# 定义新颖度指标计算方式
def popularity(self):
# 计算物品的流行度
item_pop = {}
for user in self.train:
for item in self.train[user]:
if item not in item_pop:
item_pop[item] = 0
item_pop[item] += 1
num, pop = 0, 0
for user in self.test:
rank = self.recs[user]
for item, score in rank:
# 取对数,防止因长尾问题带来的被流行物品所主导
pop += math.log(1 + item_pop[item])
num += 1
return round(pop / num, 6)
def eval(self):
metric = {
'Precision': self.precision(),
'Recall': self.recall(),
'Coverage': self.coverage(),
'Popularity': self.popularity()
}
print('Metric:', metric)
return metric
# 1. 随机推荐
def Random(train, K, N):
'''
:params: train, 训练数据集
:params: K, 可忽略
:params: N, 超参数,设置取TopN推荐物品数目
:return: GetRecommendation,推荐接口函数
'''
items = {}
for user in train:
for item in train[user]:
items[item] = 1
def GetRecommendation(user):
# 随机推荐N个未见过的
user_items = set(train[user])
rec_items = {k: items[k] for k in items if k not in user_items}
rec_items = list(rec_items.items())
random.shuffle(rec_items)
return rec_items[:N]
return GetRecommendation
# 2. 热门推荐
def MostPopular(train, K, N):
'''
:params: train, 训练数据集
:params: K, 可忽略
:params: N, 超参数,设置取TopN推荐物品数目
:return: GetRecommendation, 推荐接口函数
'''
items = {}
for user in train:
for item in train[user]:
if item not in items:
items[item] = 0
items[item] += 1
def GetRecommendation(user):
# 随机推荐N个没见过的最热门的
user_items = set(train[user])
rec_items = {k: items[k] for k in items if k not in user_items}
rec_items = list(
sorted(rec_items.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True))
return rec_items[:N]
return GetRecommendation
# 3. 基于用户余弦相似度的推荐
def UserCF(train, K, N):
'''
:params: train, 训练数据集
:params: K, 超参数,设置取TopK相似用户数目
:params: N, 超参数,设置取TopN推荐物品数目
:return: GetRecommendation, 推荐接口函数
'''
# 计算item->user的倒排索引
item_users = {}
for user in train:
for item in train[user]:
if item not in item_users:
item_users[item] = []
item_users[item].append(user)
# 计算用户相似度矩阵
sim = {}
num = {}
for item in item_users:
users = item_users[item]
for i in range(len(users)):
u = users[i]
if u not in num:
num[u] = 0
num[u] += 1
if u not in sim:
sim[u] = {}
for j in range(len(users)):
if j == i: continue
v = users[j]
if v not in sim[u]:
sim[u][v] = 0
sim[u][v] += 1
for u in sim:
for v in sim[u]:
sim[u][v] /= math.sqrt(num[u] * num[v])
# 按照相似度排序
sorted_user_sim = {k: list(sorted(v.items(), \
key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)) \
for k, v in sim.items()}
# 获取接口函数
def GetRecommendation(user):
items = {}
seen_items = set(train[user])
for u, _ in sorted_user_sim[user][:K]:
for item in train[u]:
# 要去掉用户见过的
if item not in seen_items:
if item not in items:
items[item] = 0
items[item] += sim[user][u]
recs = list(sorted(items.items(), key=lambda x: x[1],
reverse=True))[:N]
return recs
return GetRecommendation
# 4. 基于改进的用户余弦相似度的推荐
def UserIIF(train, K, N):
'''
:params: train, 训练数据集
:params: K, 超参数,设置取TopK相似用户数目
:params: N, 超参数,设置取TopN推荐物品数目
:return: GetRecommendation, 推荐接口函数
'''
# 计算item->user的倒排索引
item_users = {}
for user in train:
for item in train[user]:
if item not in item_users:
item_users[item] = []
item_users[item].append(user)
# 计算用户相似度矩阵
sim = {}
num = {}
for item in item_users:
users = item_users[item]
for i in range(len(users)):
u = users[i]
if u not in num:
num[u] = 0
num[u] += 1
if u not in sim:
sim[u] = {}
for j in range(len(users)):
if j == i: continue
v = users[j]
if v not in sim[u]:
sim[u][v] = 0
# 相比UserCF,主要是改进了这里
sim[u][v] += 1 / math.log(1 + len(users))
for u in sim:
for v in sim[u]:
sim[u][v] /= math.sqrt(num[u] * num[v])
# 按照相似度排序
sorted_user_sim = {k: list(sorted(v.items(), \
key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)) \
for k, v in sim.items()}
# 获取接口函数
def GetRecommendation(user):
items = {}
seen_items = set(train[user])
for u, _ in sorted_user_sim[user][:K]:
for item in train[u]:
# 要去掉用户见过的
if item not in seen_items:
if item not in items:
items[item] = 0
items[item] += sim[user][u]
recs = list(sorted(items.items(), key=lambda x: x[1],
reverse=True))[:N]
return recs
return GetRecommendation
class Experiment():
def __init__(self, M, K, N, fp='./ml-1m/ratings.dat',
rt='UserCF'):
'''
:params: M, 进行多少次实验
:params: K, TopK相似用户的个数
:params: N, TopN推荐物品的个数
:params: fp, 数据文件路径
:params: rt, 推荐算法类型
'''
self.M = M
self.K = K
self.N = N
self.fp = fp
self.rt = rt
self.alg = {'Random': Random, 'MostPopular': MostPopular, \
'UserCF': UserCF, 'UserIIF': UserIIF}
# 定义单次实验
@timmer
def worker(self, train, test):
'''
:params: train, 训练数据集
:params: test, 测试数据集
:return: 各指标的值
'''
getRecommendation = self.alg[self.rt](train, self.K, self.N)
metric = Metric(train, test, getRecommendation)
return metric.eval()
# 多次实验取平均
@timmer
def run(self):
metrics = {'Precision': 0, 'Recall': 0, 'Coverage': 0, 'Popularity': 0}
dataset = Dataset(self.fp)
for ii in range(self.M):
train, test = dataset.splitData(self.M, ii)
print('Experiment {}:'.format(ii))
metric = self.worker(train, test)
metrics = {k: metrics[k] + metric[k] for k in metrics}
metrics = {k: metrics[k] / self.M for k in metrics}
print('Average Result (M={}, K={}, N={}): {}'.format(\
self.M, self.K, self.N, metrics))
# 1. random实验
M, N = 8, 10
K = 0 # 为保持一致而设置,随便填一个值
random_exp = Experiment(M, K, N, rt='Random')
random_exp.run()
# 2. MostPopular实验
M, N = 8, 10
K = 0 # 为保持一致而设置,随便填一个值
mp_exp = Experiment(M, K, N, rt='MostPopular')
mp_exp.run()
# 3. UserCF实验
M, N = 8, 10
for K in [5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160]:
cf_exp = Experiment(M, K, N, rt='UserCF')
cf_exp.run()
# 4. UserIIF实验
M, N = 8, 10
K = 80 # 与书中保持一致
iif_exp = Experiment(M, K, N, rt='UserIIF')
iif_exp.run()