我像这样创建KeyStone的实例：
import cherrypy
from keystoneauth1 import session as session
from keystoneclient.v3 import client as client
from keystoneauth1.identity import v3
auth = v3.Password(auth_url = KEYSTONE_URL, username = cherrypy.session['username'], password = cherrypy.session['password'], user_domain_name=OPENSTACK_DEFAULT_DOMAIN, project_name = 'admin', project_id = 'c9aee696c4b54f12a645af2c951327dc', project_domain_name = 'default')
sess = session.Session(auth=auth)
keystoneClient = client.Client(session=sess)
当我也执行此代码时：
projectList = keystoneClient.projects.list()
print projectList
发生以下错误：
HTTP Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cherrypy/_cprequest.py", line 656, in respond
response.body = self.handler()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cherrypy/lib/encoding.py", line 188, in __call__
self.body = self.oldhandler(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cherrypy/lib/jsontools.py", line 61, in json_handler
value = cherrypy.serving.request._json_inner_handler(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/cherrypy/_cpdispatch.py", line 34, in __call__
return self.callable(*self.args, **self.kwargs)
File "/var/www/frontend/controllers/api/user.py", line 58, in PUT
projectList = keystoneClient.projects.list()
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/positional/__init__.py", line 101, in inner
return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneclient/v3/projects.py", line 107, in list
**kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneclient/base.py", line 75, in func
return f(*args, **new_kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneclient/base.py", line 383, in list
self.collection_key)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneclient/base.py", line 124, in _list
resp, body = self.client.get(url, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/adapter.py", line 173, in get
return self.request(url, 'GET', **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/adapter.py", line 331, in request
resp = super(LegacyJsonAdapter, self).request(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/adapter.py", line 98, in request
return self.session.request(url, method, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/positional/__init__.py", line 101, in inner
return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/session.py", line 387, in request
auth_headers = self.get_auth_headers(auth)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/session.py", line 647, in get_auth_headers
return auth.get_headers(self, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/plugin.py", line 84, in get_headers
token = self.get_token(session)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/identity/base.py", line 90, in get_token
return self.get_access(session).auth_token
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/identity/base.py", line 136, in get_access
self.auth_ref = self.get_auth_ref(session)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/identity/v3/base.py", line 167, in get_auth_ref
authenticated=False, log=False, **rkwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/session.py", line 595, in post
return self.request(url, 'POST', **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/positional/__init__.py", line 101, in inner
return wrapped(*args, **kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/session.py", line 469, in request
resp = send(**kwargs)
File "/usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keystoneauth1/session.py", line 507, in _send_request
raise exceptions.SSLError(msg)
SSLError: SSL exception connecting to https://dev-openstack.nubes.rl.ac.uk:5000/v3/auth/tokens: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='dev-openstack.nubes.rl.ac.uk', port=5000): Max retries exceeded with url: /v3/auth/tokens (Caused by SSLError(SSLError("bad handshake: Error([('SSL routines', 'tls_process_server_certificate', 'certificate verify failed')],)",),))
无论我执行此操作还是使用Nova列出正在运行的VM，都会发生相同的情况，因此我认为这可能与身份验证有关，尽管我可能错了。
我想了解：
为什么会这样呢？
我需要做什么才能使其正常工作？
最佳答案
该错误似乎很明显：“证书验证失败”。您有SSL证书验证问题。您需要在requests库（由所有OpenStack客户端用于HTTP操作）找到可信CA证书的位置，该证书可能是特定于操作系统的，也可能是特定于发行版的。
如果安装了Python certifi模块，则requests将使用该模块查找CA证书捆绑包。如果您分发适当地自定义certifi，它将指向其他系统工具使用的同一证书捆绑包。例如，在我的（Fedora）系统上：
>>> import certifi
>>> certifi.where()
'/etc/pki/tls/certs/ca-bundle.crt'
如果
certifi可用但尚未由您的发行版自定义，则CA软件包将是cacert.pem模块目录中包含的文件certifi。如果
certifi不可用，则requests将默认使用位于cacert.pem模块目录中的它自己的requests。您的工作是（a）找出正在使用的那些CA捆绑软件，然后（b）将用于将OpenStack SSL证书签名的CA证书安装到该文件中。
或者，您可以将
OS_CACERT环境文件设置为指向适当的证书捆绑包。另见this bug