我很好奇在Python中定义值对象的好方法。根据维基百科:“value object是一个小的对象,代表一个简单的实体,其相等性不基于身份:即,两个值对象在具有相同值时是相等的,不一定是同一对象”。在Python中,这实际上意味着重新定义了__eq__
和__hash__
方法以及不可变性。
标准namedtuple
似乎是几乎完美的解决方案,除了它们不能与PyCharm之类的现代Python IDE很好地配合使用。我的意思是,IDE不会真正提供有关定义为namedtuple
的类的任何有用的见解。虽然可以使用以下技巧将docstring附加到此类:
class Point2D(namedtuple("Point2D", "x y")):
"""Class for immutable value objects"""
pass
根本没有地方放置构造函数参数的描述并指定其类型。 PyCharm非常聪明,可以猜测
Point2D
“constructor”的参数,但是在类型方面却是盲目的。这段代码中有一些类型信息,但不是很有用:
class Point2D(namedtuple("Point2D", "x y")):
"""Class for immutable value objects"""
def __new__(cls, x, y):
"""
:param x: X coordinate
:type x: float
:param y: Y coordinate
:type y: float
:rtype: Point2D
"""
return super(Point2D, cls).__new__(cls, x, y)
point = Point2D(1.0, 2.0)
PyCharm在构造新对象时会看到类型,但不会捕获那个point.x和point.y是浮点数,因此无助于发现它们的滥用。而且我也不喜欢按常规重新定义“魔术”方法的想法。
所以我正在寻找将是:
理想的解决方案如下所示:
class Point2D(ValueObject):
"""Class for immutable value objects"""
def __init__(self, x, y):
"""
:param x: X coordinate
:type x: float
:param y: Y coordinate
:type y: float
"""
super(Point2D, self).__init__(cls, x, y)
或者那个:
class Point2D(object):
"""Class for immutable value objects"""
__metaclass__ = ValueObject
def __init__(self, x, y):
"""
:param x: X coordinate
:type x: float
:param y: Y coordinate
:type y: float
"""
pass
我试图找到这样的东西,但没有成功。我认为在自己实现之前寻求帮助将是明智的。
更新:
在user4815162342的帮助下,我设法提出了一些可行的方法。这是代码:
class ValueObject(object):
__slots__ = ()
def __repr__(self):
attrs = ' '.join('%s=%r' % (slot, getattr(self, slot)) for slot in self.__slots__)
return '<%s %s>' % (type(self).__name__, attrs)
def _vals(self):
return tuple(getattr(self, slot) for slot in self.__slots__)
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, ValueObject):
return NotImplemented
return self.__slots__ == other.__slots__ and self._vals() == other._vals()
def __ne__(self, other):
return not self == other
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self._vals())
def __getstate__(self):
"""
Required to pickle classes with __slots__
Must be consistent with __setstate__
"""
return self._vals()
def __setstate__(self, state):
"""
Required to unpickle classes with __slots__
Must be consistent with __getstate__
"""
for slot, value in zip(self.__slots__, state):
setattr(self, slot, value)
这离理想的解决方案还很遥远。类声明看起来像这样:
class X(ValueObject):
__slots__ = "a", "b", "c"
def __init__(self, a, b, c):
"""
:param a:
:type a: int
:param b:
:type b: str
:param c:
:type c: unicode
"""
self.a = a
self.b = b
self.c = c
列出所有属性总共有四次:
__slots__
,ctor参数,docstring和ctor正文。到目前为止,我还不知道如何减轻它的尴尬。 最佳答案
您的要求尽管经过了精心表达,但对我来说却不太清楚,部分原因是我不使用PyCharm GUI。但是,这是一个尝试:
class ValueObject(object):
__slots__ = ()
def __init__(self, *vals):
if len(vals) != len(self.__slots__):
raise TypeError, "%s.__init__ accepts %d arguments, got %d" \
% (type(self).__name__, len(self.__slots__), len(vals))
for slot, val in zip(self.__slots__, vals):
super(ValueObject, self).__setattr__(slot, val)
def __repr__(self):
return ('<%s[0x%x] %s>'
% (type(self).__name__, id(self),
' '.join('%s=%r' % (slot, getattr(self, slot))
for slot in self.__slots__)))
def _vals(self):
return tuple(getattr(self, slot) for slot in self.__slots__)
def __eq__(self, other):
if not isinstance(other, ValueObject):
return NotImplemented
return self.__slots__ == other.__slots__ and self._vals() == other._vals()
def __ne__(self, other):
return not self == other
def __hash__(self):
return hash(self._vals())
def __setattr__(self, attr, val):
if attr in self.__slots__:
raise AttributeError, "%s slot '%s' is read-only" % (type(self).__name__, attr)
super(ValueObject, self).__setattr__(attr, val)
用法是这样的:
class X(ValueObject):
__slots__ = 'a', 'b'
这为您提供了一个带有两个只读插槽和一个自动生成的构造函数
__eq__
和__hash__
的具体值类。例如:>>> x = X(1.0, 2.0, 3.0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
File "<input>", line 5, in __init__
TypeError: X.__init__ accepts 2 arguments, got 3
>>> x = X(1.0, 2.0)
>>> x
<X[0x4440a50] a=1.0 b=2.0>
>>> x.a
1.0
>>> x.b
2.0
>>> x.a = 10
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
File "<input>", line 32, in __setattr__
AttributeError: X slot 'a' is read-only
>>> x.c = 10
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
File "<input>", line 33, in __setattr__
AttributeError: 'X' object has no attribute 'c'
>>> dir(x)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__getattribute__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__slots__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_vals', 'a', 'b']
>>> x == X(1.0, 2.0)
True
>>> x == X(1.0, 3.0)
False
>>> hash(x)
3713081631934410656
>>> hash(X(1.0, 2.0))
3713081631934410656
>>> hash(X(1.0, 3.0))
3713081631933328131
如果需要,可以使用文档字符串定义自己的
__init__
(大概)为您的IDE提供类型注释提示。关于python - 如何在Python中定义对PyCharm友好的值对象?,我们在Stack Overflow上找到一个类似的问题:https://stackoverflow.com/questions/19508572/