概述
本文是基于jdk8_271版本进行分析的。
ArrayList是Java集合中出场率最多的一个类。底层是基于数组实现,根据元素的增加而动态扩容,可以理解为它是加强版的数组。ArrayList允许元素为null。它是线程不安全的。
数据结构
实现继承关系
1 public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> 2 implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable
- AbstractList:继承AbstractList抽象类,使用实现的公共方法
- List:实现List接口操作规范,增、删、遍历等操作
- RandomAccess:提供随机访问功能
- Cloneable:提供可拷贝功能
- Serializable:提供可序列化功能
这里有人会问为什么继承了AbstractList还要实现List接口(这个问题无关紧要,可以忽略),我在stackoverflow一个帖子看到了这个问题,有兴趣可以点击查看。
静态变量
1 // 默认初始化容量的大小 2 private static final int DEFAULT_CAPACITY = 10; 3 // 空数组 4 private static final Object[] EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {}; 5 // 空数组,与EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA 区分开,无参构造时候会使用该空数组(jdk1.7是只有EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA的) 6 private static final Object[] DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA = {}; 7 // 容量最大值。-8是因为一些虚拟机在数组中保留一些标题字,尝试分配更大的数组可能会导致OOM 8 private static final int MAX_ARRAY_SIZE = Integer.MAX_VALUE - 8;
成员变量
1 transient Object[] elementData; //存放数组元素,transient表示该字段不进行序列化操作 2 private int size; //数组中实际存放元素的个数
构造方法
无参构造使用的是DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA空数组;带参构造初始化长度为0,使用的是EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA空数组。
1 // 带参构造,指定初始化容量大小 2 public ArrayList(int initialCapacity) { 3 if (initialCapacity > 0) { 4 this.elementData = new Object[initialCapacity]; 5 } else if (initialCapacity == 0) { 6 this.elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 7 } else { 8 throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+ 9 initialCapacity); 10 } 11 } 12 13 // 无参构造,elementData 使用默认空数组 14 public ArrayList() { 15 this.elementData = DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 16 } 17 18 // 有参构造。传入一个集合 19 public ArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c) { 20 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 21 if ((size = a.length) != 0) { 22 if (c.getClass() == ArrayList.class) { 23 elementData = a; 24 } else { 25 elementData = Arrays.copyOf(a, size, Object[].class); 26 } 27 } else { 28 // 如果传入集合长度为0,elementData 用EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA替换 29 elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 30 } 31 }
主要方法解析
- calculateCapacity--扩容方法
// 计算需要的最小容量大小 private static int calculateCapacity(Object[] elementData, int minCapacity) { if (elementData == DEFAULTCAPACITY_EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA) { return Math.max(DEFAULT_CAPACITY, minCapacity); } return minCapacity; } // 确保内部容量,如果容量不足则进行扩容处理 private void ensureCapacityInternal(int minCapacity) { ensureExplicitCapacity(calculateCapacity(elementData, minCapacity)); } private void ensureExplicitCapacity(int minCapacity) { modCount++; if (minCapacity - elementData.length > 0) // 如果所需的最小容量值大于现在数组长度,表示需要进行扩容处理 grow(minCapacity); } // 真正扩容方法 private void grow(int minCapacity) { int oldCapacity = elementData.length; // 原容量大小 int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); // 预计扩容的大小;位运算(1.5倍向下取整) // 预计扩容的值与通过计算需要的最小容量值比较,取最大值 if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0) newCapacity = minCapacity; if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity); elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); } private static int hugeCapacity(int minCapacity) { if (minCapacity < 0) // overflow throw new OutOfMemoryError(); // 容量最大值为MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,为什么还会返回 Integer.MAX_VALUE呢? // 如果minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE,说明此时容器大小已经为MAX_ARRAY_SIZE。静态变量说到MAX_ARRAY_SIZE=Integer.MAX_VALUE-8,一些虚拟机在数组中保留一些标题字,尝试分配更大的数组可能会导致OOM。注意只是可能,不是所有的,因为此时数组长度已经是MAX_ARRAY_SIZE了,不如尝试去进行扩容到Integer.MAX_VALUE,说不定就成功了 return (minCapacity > MAX_ARRAY_SIZE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : MAX_ARRAY_SIZE; }
- add--添加元素
注意:在进行添加操作之前,都会先进行判断数组是否需要扩容;入参如果涉及索引,还会判断索引是否越界。
1 public boolean add(E e) { 2 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! 3 elementData[size++] = e; 4 return true; 5 } 6 public void add(int index, E element) { 7 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 8 9 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! 10 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1,size - index); 11 elementData[index] = element; 12 size++; 13 } 14 15 public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) { 16 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 17 int numNew = a.length; 18 ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount 19 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, size, numNew); 20 size += numNew; 21 return numNew != 0; 22 } 23 public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) { 24 rangeCheckForAdd(index); 25 26 Object[] a = c.toArray(); 27 int numNew = a.length; 28 ensureCapacityInternal(size + numNew); // Increments modCount 29 30 int numMoved = size - index; 31 if (numMoved > 0) 32 System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + numNew, 33 numMoved); 34 35 System.arraycopy(a, 0, elementData, index, numNew); 36 size += numNew; 37 return numNew != 0; 38 }
- remove--删除元素
删除元素时,如果该索引位后面有元素,则将后面元素向前移动一位(如果删除n个,则向后面元素向前移动n位),同时将数组最后一位数值置为null。
1 public E remove(int index) { 2 rangeCheck(index); 3 4 modCount++; 5 E oldValue = elementData(index); 6 7 int numMoved = size - index - 1; 8 if (numMoved > 0) 9 System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, 10 numMoved); 11 elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work 12 13 return oldValue; 14 } 15 public boolean remove(Object o) { 16 if (o == null) { 17 for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) 18 if (elementData[index] == null) { 19 fastRemove(index); 20 return true; 21 } 22 } else { 23 for (int index = 0; index < size; index++) 24 if (o.equals(elementData[index])) { 25 fastRemove(index); 26 return true; 27 } 28 } 29 return false; 30 } 31 32 private void fastRemove(int index) { 33 modCount++; 34 int numMoved = size - index - 1; 35 if (numMoved > 0) 36 System.arraycopy(elementData, index+1, elementData, index, 37 numMoved); 38 elementData[--size] = null; // clear to let GC do its work 39 } 40 41 public void clear() { 42 modCount++; 43 44 // clear to let GC do its work 45 for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) 46 elementData[i] = null; 47 48 size = 0; 49 } 50 51 protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) { 52 modCount++; 53 int numMoved = size - toIndex; 54 System.arraycopy(elementData, toIndex, elementData, fromIndex, 55 numMoved); 56 57 // clear to let GC do its work 58 int newSize = size - (toIndex-fromIndex); 59 for (int i = newSize; i < size; i++) { 60 elementData[i] = null; 61 } 62 size = newSize; 63 } 64 65 // 从此列表中删除指定集合c中包含的所有元素 66 public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c) { 67 Objects.requireNonNull(c); 68 return batchRemove(c, false); 69 } 70 // 此列表中仅保留包含在指定集合中的元素 71 public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c) { 72 Objects.requireNonNull(c); 73 return batchRemove(c, true); 74 } 75 // ArrayList的批量删除算法 76 private boolean batchRemove(Collection<?> c, boolean complement) { 77 final Object[] elementData = this.elementData; 78 int r = 0, w = 0; 79 boolean modified = false; 80 try { 81 for (; r < size; r++) 82 if (c.contains(elementData[r]) == complement) 83 elementData[w++] = elementData[r]; 84 } finally { 85 // Preserve behavioral compatibility with AbstractCollection, 86 // even if c.contains() throws. 87 if (r != size) { 88 System.arraycopy(elementData, r, 89 elementData, w, 90 size - r); 91 w += size - r; 92 } 93 if (w != size) { 94 // clear to let GC do its work 95 for (int i = w; i < size; i++) 96 elementData[i] = null; 97 modCount += size - w; 98 size = w; 99 modified = true; 100 } 101 } 102 return modified; 103 }
- clone--拷贝方法
public Object clone() { try { ArrayList<?> v = (ArrayList<?>) super.clone(); v.elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, size); v.modCount = 0; return v; } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) { // this shouldn't happen, since we are Cloneable throw new InternalError(e); } }
- writeObject/readObject--序列化方法
1 private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream s) 2 throws java.io.IOException{ 3 // Write out element count, and any hidden stuff 4 int expectedModCount = modCount; 5 s.defaultWriteObject(); 6 7 // Write out size as capacity for behavioural compatibility with clone() 8 s.writeInt(size); 9 10 // Write out all elements in the proper order. 11 for (int i=0; i<size; i++) { 12 s.writeObject(elementData[i]); 13 } 14 15 if (modCount != expectedModCount) { 16 throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); 17 } 18 } 19 20 private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream s) 21 throws java.io.IOException, ClassNotFoundException { 22 elementData = EMPTY_ELEMENTDATA; 23 24 // Read in size, and any hidden stuff 25 s.defaultReadObject(); 26 27 // Read in capacity 28 s.readInt(); // ignored 29 30 if (size > 0) { 31 // be like clone(), allocate array based upon size not capacity 32 ensureCapacityInternal(size); 33 34 Object[] a = elementData; 35 // Read in all elements in the proper order. 36 for (int i=0; i<size; i++) { 37 a[i] = s.readObject(); 38 } 39 } 40 }
附录
ArrayList源码详细注释Github地址:https://github.com/y2ex/jdk-source/blob/jdk1.8.0_271/src/main/java/java/util/ArrayList.java
jdk1.8源码Github地址:https://github.com/y2ex/jdk-source/tree/jdk1.8.0_271