“惯例”这个词指的是“习惯的做法,常规的办法,一贯的做法”,与这个词对应的英文单词叫“idiom”。由于Python跟其他很多编程语言在语法和使用上还是有比较显著的差别,因此作为一个Python开发者如果不能掌握这些惯例,就无法写出“Pythonic”的代码。下面我们总结了一些在Python开发中的惯用的代码。
让代码既可以被导入又可以被执行。
if __name__ == '__main__':
用下面的方式判断逻辑“真”或“假”。
if x:
if not x:好的代码:
name = 'jackfrued'
fruits = ['apple', 'orange', 'grape']
owners = {'1001': '骆昊', '1002': '王大锤'}
if name and fruits and owners:
print('I love fruits!')不好的代码:
name = 'jackfrued'
fruits = ['apple', 'orange', 'grape']
owners = {'1001': '骆昊', '1002': '王大锤'}
if name != '' and len(fruits) > 0 and owners != {}:
print('I love fruits!')善于使用in运算符。
if x in items: # 包含
for x in items: # 迭代好的代码:
name = 'Hao LUO'
if 'L' in name:
print('The name has an L in it.')不好的代码:
name = 'Hao LUO'
if name.find('L') != -1:
print('This name has an L in it!')不使用临时变量交换两个值。
a, b = b, a
用序列构建字符串。
好的代码:
chars = ['j', 'a', 'c', 'k', 'f', 'r', 'u', 'e', 'd']
name = ''.join(chars)
print(name) # jackfrued不好的代码:
chars = ['j', 'a', 'c', 'k', 'f', 'r', 'u', 'e', 'd']
name = ''
for char in chars:
name += char
print(name) # jackfruedEAFP优于LBYL。
EAFP - Easier to Ask Forgiveness than Permission.
LBYL - Look Before You Leap.
好的代码:
d = {'x': '5'}
try:
value = int(d['x'])
print(value)
except (KeyError, TypeError, ValueError):
value = None不好的代码:
d = {'x': '5'}
if 'x' in d and isinstance(d['x'], str) \
and d['x'].isdigit():
value = int(d['x'])
print(value)
else:
value = None使用enumerate进行迭代。
好的代码:
fruits = ['orange', 'grape', 'pitaya', 'blueberry']
for index, fruit in enumerate(fruits):
print(index, ':', fruit)不好的代码:
fruits = ['orange', 'grape', 'pitaya', 'blueberry']
index = 0
for fruit in fruits:
print(index, ':', fruit)
index += 1用生成式生成列表。
好的代码:
data = [7, 20, 3, 15, 11]
result = [num * 3 for num in data if num > 10]
print(result) # [60, 45, 33]不好的代码:
data = [7, 20, 3, 15, 11]
result = []
for i in data:
if i > 10:
result.append(i * 3)
print(result) # [60, 45, 33]用zip组合键和值来创建字典。
好的代码:
keys = ['1001', '1002', '1003']
values = ['骆昊', '王大锤', '白元芳']
d = dict(zip(keys, values))
print(d)不好的代码:
keys = ['1001', '1002', '1003']
values = ['骆昊', '王大锤', '白元芳']
d = {}
for i, key in enumerate(keys):
d[key] = values[i]
print(d)