go笔记--几个例子理解context的作用
经常在http框架里面看到一个context参数，它是做什么的呢，先简单看看它的定义。
context interface
type Context interface {
// Deadline returns the time when work done on behalf of this context
// should be canceled. Deadline returns ok==false when no deadline is
// set. Successive calls to Deadline return the same results.
Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)
// Done returns a channel that's closed when work done on behalf of this
// context should be canceled. Done may return nil if this context can
// never be canceled. Successive calls to Done return the same value.
//
// WithCancel arranges for Done to be closed when cancel is called;
// WithDeadline arranges for Done to be closed when the deadline
// expires; WithTimeout arranges for Done to be closed when the timeout
// elapses.
//
// Done is provided for use in select statements:
//
// // Stream generates values with DoSomething and sends them to out
// // until DoSomething returns an error or ctx.Done is closed.
// func Stream(ctx context.Context, out chan<- Value) error {
// for {
// v, err := DoSomething(ctx)
// if err != nil {
// return err
// }
// select {
// case <-ctx.Done():
// return ctx.Err()
// case out <- v:
// }
// }
// }
//
// See https://blog.golang.org/pipelines for more examples of how to use
// a Done channel for cancelation.
Done() <-chan struct{}
// Err returns a non-nil error value after Done is closed. Err returns
// Canceled if the context was canceled or DeadlineExceeded if the
// context's deadline passed. No other values for Err are defined.
// After Done is closed, successive calls to Err return the same value.
Err() error
// Value returns the value associated with this context for key, or nil
// if no value is associated with key. Successive calls to Value with
// the same key returns the same result.
//
// Use context values only for request-scoped data that transits
// processes and API boundaries, not for passing optional parameters to
// functions.
//
// A key identifies a specific value in a Context. Functions that wish
// to store values in Context typically allocate a key in a global
// variable then use that key as the argument to context.WithValue and
// Context.Value. A key can be any type that supports equality;
// packages should define keys as an unexported type to avoid
// collisions.
//
// Packages that define a Context key should provide type-safe accessors
// for the values stored using that key:
//
// // Package user defines a User type that's stored in Contexts.
// package user
//
// import "context"
//
// // User is the type of value stored in the Contexts.
// type User struct {...}
//
// // key is an unexported type for keys defined in this package.
// // This prevents collisions with keys defined in other packages.
// type key int
//
// // userKey is the key for user.User values in Contexts. It is
// // unexported; clients use user.NewContext and user.FromContext
// // instead of using this key directly.
// var userKey key = 0
//
// // NewContext returns a new Context that carries value u.
// func NewContext(ctx context.Context, u *User) context.Context {
// return context.WithValue(ctx, userKey, u)
// }
//
// // FromContext returns the User value stored in ctx, if any.
// func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (*User, bool) {
// u, ok := ctx.Value(userKey).(*User)
// return u, ok
// }
Value(key interface{}) interface{}
}
可以看到它一个接口类型、主要包含4个成员，我们暂时不知道它们的意义。
Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)
Done() <-chan struct{}
Err() error
Value(key interface{}) interface{}
先看一个简单的例程
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"time"
)
func cancel1() {
// gen generates integers in a separate goroutine and
// sends them to the returned channel.
// The callers of gen need to cancel the context once
// they are done consuming generated integers not to leak
// the internal goroutine started by gen.
gen := func(ctx context.Context) <-chan int {
dst := make(chan int)
n := 1
go func() {
for {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
fmt.Println("ctx.Done()")
return // returning not to leak the goroutine
case dst <- n:
n++
}
}
}()
return dst
}
ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
defer cancel() // cancel when we are finished consuming integers
for n := range gen(ctx) {
fmt.Println(n)
if n == 5 {
break
}
}
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("-----start-----")
fmt.Println("call cancel1()")
go cancel1()
fmt.Println("cancel1() end")
time.Sleep(time.Second)
fmt.Println("----end------")
}
控制台会输出
我们可以看到，for循环执行了5次 context 的派生函数gen()后，通过cancel()函数退出了gen里面的协程。
那么它在这里的作用也就清楚了:
context的作用
咱们这是取消函数
contxt相关函数
withcancel
此函数创建从传入的父 context 派生的新 context。父 context 可以是后台 context 或传递给函数的 context。
返回派生 context 和取消函数。只有创建它的函数才能调用取消函数来取消此 context。
deadline
WithDeadline()返回其父项的派生 context，当截止日期超过或取消函数被调用时，该 context 将被取消。例如，您可以创建一个将在以后的某个时间自动取消的 context，并在子函数中传递它。当因为截止日期耗尽而取消该 context 时，获此 context 的所有函数都会收到通知去停止运行并返回。
小例：
func deadline1() {
d := time.Now().Add(1200 * time.Millisecond)
ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), d)
// Even though ctx will be expired, it is good practice to call its
// cancelation function in any case. Failure to do so may keep the
// context and its parent alive longer than necessary.
defer cancel()
select {
case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
fmt.Println("overslept")
case <-ctx.Done():
fmt.Println(ctx.Err())
}
}
func main() {
fmt.Println("-----start-----")
fmt.Println("call deadline1()")
go deadline1()
fmt.Println("deadline1() end")
time.Sleep(3*time.Second)
fmt.Println("----end------")
}
withtimeout()和WithDeadline()类似，不同之处在于它将持续时间作为参数输入而不是时间对象。
timeout
// Pass a context with a timeout to tell a blocking function that it
// should abandon its work after the timeout elapses.
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 50*time.Millisecond)
defer cancel()
select {
case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
fmt.Println("overslept")
case <-ctx.Done():
fmt.Println(ctx.Err()) // prints "context deadline exceeded"
}
Output:
context deadline exceeded
现在再看看这context的interface,就能简单明了它们的意义了。
// 返回超时期限。
Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)
// 辅助cancel
Done() <-chan struct{}
// 获取返回的错误
Err() error
Value(key interface{}) interface{}
可是还有个Value， 那我们再看看。
还有一个withValue() 函数 、
此函数接收 context 并返回派生 context，其中值 val 与 key 关联，并通过 context 树与 context 一起传递。这意味着一旦获得带有值的 context，从中派生的任何 context 都会获得此值。不建议使用 context 值传递关键参数，而是函数应接收签名中的那些值，使其显式化。
Code:
type favContextKey string
f := func(ctx context.Context, k favContextKey) {
if v := ctx.Value(k); v != nil {
fmt.Println("found value:", v)
return
}
fmt.Println("key not found:", k)
}
k := favContextKey("language")
ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), k, "Go")
f(ctx, k)
f(ctx, favContextKey("color"))
Output:
found value: Go
key not found: color
那么明显了 Value(key interface{}) interface{} 返回的即是context关联的键值。