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- oracle 游标
- 游标(Cursor):用来查询数据库,获取记录集合(结果集)的指针,可以让开发者一次访问一行结果集,在每条结果集上作操作。
-
- 游标可分为:
- l 静态游标:分为显式(explicit)游标和隐式(implicit)游标。
- l REF游标:是一种引用类型,类似于指针。
-
- 1、静态游标
- 1.1显式游标
- 定义格式:
- CURSOR 游标名 ( 参数 ) [返回值类型] IS
- Select 语句
-
- 例子
- set serveroutput on
- declare
- cursor emp_cur ( p_deptid in number) is
- select * from employees where department_id = p_deptid;
-
- l_emp employees%rowtype;
- begin
- dbms_output.put_line('Getting employees from department 30');
- open emp_cur(30);
- loop
- fetch emp_cur into l_emp;
- exit when emp_cur%notfound;
- dbms_output.put_line('Employee id '|| l_emp.employee_id || ' is ');
- dbms_output.put_line(l_emp.first_name || ' ' || l_emp.last_name);
- end loop;
- close emp_cur;
-
- dbms_output.put_line('Getting employees from department 90');
- open emp_cur(90);
- loop
- fetch emp_cur into l_emp;
- exit when emp_cur%notfound;
- dbms_output.put_line('Employee id '|| l_emp.employee_id || ' is ');
- dbms_output.put_line(l_emp.first_name || ' ' || l_emp.last_name);
- end loop;
- close emp_cur;
- end;
- /
-
- 1.2隐式游标
- 不用明确建立游标变量,分两种:
- 1.在PL/SQL中使用DML语言,使用ORACLE提供的名为“SQL”的隐示游标。
- 举例:
- declare
- begin
- update departments set department_name=department_name;
- --where 1=2;
- dbms_output.put_line('update '|| sql%rowcount ||' records');
- end;
- /
- 2.CURSOR FOR LOOP,用于for loop 语句
- 举例:
- declare
- begin
- for my_dept_rec in ( select department_name, department_id from departments)
- loop
- dbms_output.put_line(my_dept_rec.department_id || ' : ' || my_dept_rec.department_name);
- end loop;
- end;
- /
-
- 1.3游标常用属性:
- %FOUND:变量最后从游标中获取记录的时候,在结果集中找到了记录。
- %NOTFOUND:变量最后从游标中获取记录的时候,在结果集中没有找到记录。
- %ROWCOUNT:当前时刻已经从游标中获取的记录数量。
- %ISOPEN:是否打开。
-
- Declare
- /* 定义静态游标 */
- Cursor emps is
- Select * from employees where rownum<6 order by 1;
-
- Emp employees%rowtype;
- Row number :=1;
- Begin
- Open emps; /* 打开静态游标 */
- Fetch emps into emp; /* 读取游标当前行 */
-
- Loop
- If emps%found then
- Dbms_output.put_line('Looping over record '||row|| ' of ' || emps%rowcount);
- Fetch emps into emp;
- Row := row + 1;
- Elsif emps%notfound then
- Exit;
- End if;
- End loop;
-
- If emps%isopen then
- Close emps; /* 关闭游标 */
- End if;
- End;
- /
-
-
- 显式和隐式游标的区别:
- 尽量使用隐式游标,避免编写附加的游标控制代码(声明,打开,获取,关闭),也不需要声明变量来保存从游标中获取的数据。
-
-
- 2、REF CURSOR游标
- 动态游标,在运行的时候才能确定游标使用的查询。可以分为:
- l 强类型(限制)(Strong REF CURSOR),规定返回类型
- l 弱类型(非限制)(Weak REF CURSOR),不规定返回类型,可以获取任何结果集。
- 定义格式:
- TYPE ref_cursor_name IS REF CURSOR [RETURN return_type]
-
- 例如:
- Declare
- Type refcur_t is ref cursor;
- Type emp_refcur_t is ref cursor return employee%rowtype;
- Begin
- Null;
- End;
- /
-
- 强类型举例:
- declare
- --声明记录类型
- type emp_job_rec is record(
- employee_id number,
- employee_name varchar2(50),
- job_title varchar2(30)
- );
- --声明REF CURSOR,返回值为该记录类型
- type emp_job_refcur_type is ref cursor return emp_job_rec;
- --定义REF CURSOR游标的变量
- emp_refcur emp_job_refcur_type;
-
- emp_job emp_job_rec;
- begin
- /* 打开动态游标 */
- open emp_refcur for
- select e.employee_id, e.first_name || ' ' ||e.last_name "employee_name",
- j.job_title
- from employees e, jobs j
- where e.job_id = j.job_id and rownum < 11 order by 1;
- /* 取游标当前行 */
- fetch emp_refcur into emp_job;
- while emp_refcur%found loop
- dbms_output.put_line(emp_job.employee_name || '''s job is ');
- dbms_output.put_line(emp_job.job_title);
- fetch emp_refcur into emp_job;
- end loop;
- end;
- /
-
- 指定了retrun 类型,CURSOR变量的类型必须和return 类型一致。
- 例子:
- CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE emp_data AS
- TYPE empcurtyp IS REF CURSOR RETURN emp%rowtype;
- --定义Strong REF CURSOR
- PROCEDURE open_emp_cv(emp_cv IN OUT empcurtyp, choice INT);
- --根据不同的choice选择不同的CURSOR
- PROCEDURE retrieve_data(choice INT);
- --通过调用procedure open_emp_cv,返回指定的结果集。
- END emp_data;
-
-
- CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY emp_data AS
-
- PROCEDURE open_emp_cv(emp_cv IN OUT empcurtyp, choice INT) IS
- --emp_cv作为传入/传出的CURSOR PARAMETER
- BEGIN
- IF choice = 1 THEN
- OPEN emp_cv FOR SELECT * FROM emp WHERE empno < 7800;
- ELSIF choice = 2 THEN
- OPEN emp_cv FOR SELECT * FROM emp WHERE SAL < 1000;
- ELSIF choice = 3 THEN
- OPEN emp_cv FOR SELECT * FROM emp WHERE ename like 'J%';
- END IF;
- END;
-
- PROCEDURE retrieve_data(choice INT) IS
- return_cv empcurtyp;
- --定义传入open_emp_cv的CURSOR变量
- return_row emp%ROWTYPE;
- invalid_choice EXCEPTION;
- BEGIN
- --调用 procedure OPEN_EMP_CV
- open_emp_cv(retu rn_cv, choice);
-
- IF choice = 1 THEN
- DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEES with empno less than 7800');
- ELSIF choice = 2 THEN
- DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEES with salary less than 1000');
- ELSIF choice = 3 THEN
- DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('EMPLOYEES with name starts with ''J''');
- ELSE
- RAISE invalid_choice;
- END IF;
-
- LOOP
- FETCH return_cv INTO return_row;
- EXIT WHEN return_cv%NOTFOUND;
- DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(return_row.empno || '--' || return_row.ename || '--' ||
- return_row.sal);
- END LOOP;
-
- EXCEPTION
- WHEN invalid_choice THEN
- DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The CHOICE should be in one of (1,2,3)!');
- WHEN OTHERS THEN
- DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Errors in procedure RETRIEVE_DATA!');
- END;
-
- END emp_data;
-
-
- 执行:
- SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(1);
- SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(2);
- SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(3);
- SQL> EXEC emp_data.retrieve_data(34);
-
- 使用Weak REF CURSOR例子
- create or replace procedure open_cv(choice IN INT, return_cv OUT SYS_REFCURSOR) is
- --参数return_cv为weak REF CURSOR,利用SYS_CURSOR来定义
- /*使用SYS_REFCURSOR可以使变量any_cv跟任何weak REF CURSOR类型匹配。 */
- begin
- if choice = 1 then
- open return_cv for 'select * from emp';
- elsif choice = 2 then
- open return_cv for 'select * from dept';
- end if;
- end open_cv;
-
-
- CREATE or replace procedure retrieve_data(choice IN INT) is
- emp_rec emp%rowtype;
- dept_rec dept%rowtype;
- return_cv SYS_REFCURSOR;
- invalid_choice exception;
-
- BEGIN
- if choice=1 then
- dbms_output.put_line('employee information');
- open_cv(1,return_cv); --调用procedure open_cv;
- loop
- fetch return_cv into emp_rec;
- exit when return_cv%notfound;
- dbms_output.put_line(emp_rec.empno||'-'||emp_rec.ename||'-'||emp_rec.sal);
- end loop;
- elsif choice=2 then
- dbms_output.put_line('department information');
- open_cv(2,return_cv);
-
- loop
- fetch return_cv into dept_rec;
- exit when return_cv%notfound;
- dbms_output.put_line(dept_rec.deptno||'-'||dept_rec.dname||'-'||dept_rec.loc);
- end loop;
- else
- raise invalid_choice;
- end if;
-
- exception
- when invalid_choice then
- dbms_output.put_line('The CHOICE should be one of 1 and 2!');
- when others then
- dbms_output.put_line('Errors in procedure retrieve_data');
- END retrieve_data;
-
-
- 执行:
- SQL> exec retrieve_data(1);
- SQL> exec retrieve_data(2);
-
-
- 用REF CURSOR实现BULK功能
- 1. 可以加速INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE语句的执行,也就是用FORALL语句来替代循环语句。
- 2. 加速SELECT,用BULK COLLECT INTO 来替代INTO。
-
- SQL> create table tab2 as select empno ID, ename NAME, sal SALARY from emp where 1=2;
- create or replace procedure REF_BULK is
- /* 定义复杂类型 */
- type empcurtyp is ref cursor;
- type idlist is table of emp.empno%type;
- type namelist is table of emp.ename%type;
- type sallist is table of emp.sal%type;
- /* 定义变量 */
- emp_cv empcurtyp;
- ids idlist;
- names namelist;
- sals sallist;
- row_cnt number;
- begin
- open emp_cv for select empno, ename, sal from emp;
- fetch emp_cv BULK COLLECT INTO ids, names, sals;
- --将字段成批放入变量中,此时变量是一个集合
- close emp_cv;
-
- for i in ids.first .. ids.last loop
- dbms_output.put_line(' || ids(i) || ' || names(i) ||' salary=' || sals(i));
- end loop;
-
- FORALL i IN ids.first .. ids.last
- insert into tab2 values (ids(i), names(i), sals(i));
- commit;
- select count(*) into row_cnt from tab2;
- dbms_output.put_line('-----------------------------------');
- dbms_output.put_line('The row number of tab2 is ' || row_cnt);
- end REF_BULK;
-
-
-
-
- 3、cursor 和 ref cursor的区别
- 从技术底层看,两者是相同的。普通plsql cursor在定义时是“静态”的。而
- Ref cursors可以动态打开。
- 例如下面例子:
- Declare
- type rc is ref cursor;
- cursor c is select * from dual;
-
- l_cursor rc;
- begin
- if ( to_char(sysdate,'dd') = 30 ) then
- open l_cursor for 'select * from emp';
- elsif ( to_char(sysdate,'dd') = 29 ) then
- open l_cursor for select * from dept;
- else
- open l_cursor for select * from dual;
- end if;
- open c;
- end;
- /
- l rc根据逻辑动态打开;而游标c定义好了只有就无法修改了。
- l ref cursor可以返回给客户端,cursor则不行。
- l cursor可以是全局的global ,ref cursor则必须定义在过程或函数中。
- l ref cursor可以在子程序间传递,cursor则不行。
- l cursor中定义的静态sql比ref cursor效率高,所以ref cursor通常用在:向客户端返回结果集。