ubuntu虚拟机安装和配置纪要

1， 下载ubuntu镜像：
https://www.ubuntu.com/download/alternative-downloads#alternate-ubuntu-server-installer

2， 安装
略

3， 更新国内apt源，推荐清华大学ubuntu源：
https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/
打开后根据你安装的具体ubuntu版本适配的源覆盖
/etc/apt/source.list 的内容
然后执行
sudo apt-get update

附阿里源：

点击(此处)折叠或打开

1. # 默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
   
2. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
   
3. deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty main restricted universe multiverse
   
4. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
   
5. deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-updates main restricted universe multiverse
   
6. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
   
7. deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-backports main restricted universe multiverse
   
8. deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
   
9. deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-security main restricted universe multiverse
   
10. 
    
11. deb-src http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial main restricted #Added by software-properties
    
12. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted
    
13. deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
    
14. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted
    
15. deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
    
16. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial universe
    
17. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates universe
    
18. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial multiverse
    
19. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-updates multiverse
    
20. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse
    
21. deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-backports main restricted universe multiverse #Added by software-properties
    
22. deb http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
    
23. deb-src http://archive.canonical.com/ubuntu xenial partner
    
24. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted
    
25. deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security main restricted multiverse universe #Added by software-properties
    
26. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security universe
    
27. deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ xenial-security multiverse
    
28. 
    
29. # 预发布软件源，不建议启用
    
30. # deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
    
31. # deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ trusty-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

4，为了方便管理，远程登陆，先安装ssh
sudo apt-get install openssh-client openssh-server 

5，右键打开终端
sudo apt-get install nautilus-open-terminal

6，进入恢复模式
比如忘记root密码后，系统配置编辑错误后，/etc/sudoers 编辑错误后
重启电脑，长按shift按键进入Grub选择界面后；选中 带有“recovery mode”字样的一行（一般是第二行），然后就会进入recovery模式界面，使用上下键选择root条目，这样就可以得到root权限。
此时文件系统是只读系统，如果要修改文件，需要重新挂在文件系统可读写：
mount -o remount,rw /dev/sda1 /                             //把根目录重新mount为可读写模式

7，sudo 免密码

【your-user-name】 ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

%admin ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL

8，openwrt编译依赖安装
sudo apt-get -y  install gcc g++ binutils patch bzip2 flex bison make autoconf gettext texinfo unzip sharutils libncurses5-dev zlib1g-dev unzip gawk   libz-dev asciidoc subversion  libtool sphinx-common gperf

32位兼容模式
sudo apt-get install libc6:i386

9, 去除烦人的开机蜂鸣
编辑C:\ProgramData\VMware\VMware Workstation\config.ini
在最后添加一行：mks.noBeep = "TRUE"，保存并关闭，重启虚拟机生效

10，允许root登录
（1） 为root设置密码：sudo passwd root
（2）添加用户登录菜单 
     sudo vim /usr/share/lightdm/lightdm.conf.d/50-ubuntu.conf
    增加greeter-show-manual-login=true